[xiph-commits] r12973 - in websites/speex.org/docs/manual: .
speex-manual
jm at svn.xiph.org
jm at svn.xiph.org
Tue May 22 07:45:20 PDT 2007
Author: jm
Date: 2007-05-22 07:45:15 -0700 (Tue, 22 May 2007)
New Revision: 12973
Added:
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/WARNINGS
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/contents.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/crossref.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnode.html
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnote.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.aux
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.idx
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.log
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.pl
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.tex
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img1.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img10.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img11.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img12.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img14.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img15.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img16.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img20.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img21.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img22.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img23.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img24.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img25.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img26.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img32.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img66.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img68.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img7.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img73.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img8.png
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/index.html
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/index.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/internals.pl
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/labels.pl
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.css
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.html
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websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/up.png
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/up_g.png
Removed:
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/
Modified:
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual.pdf
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual.ps
websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual.tar.gz
Log:
Manual update for 1.2beta2
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/WARNINGS
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/WARNINGS (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/WARNINGS 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+No implementation found for style `scrbook'
+No implementation found for style `pslatex'
+No implementation found for style `fontenc'
+No implementation found for style `geometry'
+No implementation found for style `graphicx'
+No implementation found for style `url'
+
+redefining command \url
+
+previous meaning of \url will be lost
+
+manual.tex is newer than manual.aux: Please rerun latex.
+
+manual.tex is newer than manual.lot: Please rerun latex.
+
+No number for "Acousticechomodel"
+
+No number for "Qualityversusbit-rateforthewidebandencoder"
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/contents.png
===================================================================
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnode.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnode.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnode.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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+<DT><A NAME="foot358">...
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+<DD>http://www.embeddedstar.com/articles/2003/7/article20030720-1.html
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+<DD>The wideband bit-stream contains an embedded narrowband bit-stream
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/footnote.png
===================================================================
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Name: svn:mime-type
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.aux
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.aux (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.aux 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.idx
===================================================================
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.log
===================================================================
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===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.pl (rev 0)
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+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img67.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{1}$">|;
+
+$key = q/g_{0};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img57.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{0}$">|;
+
+$key = q/W(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/mathcal{O}left(N^{2}right);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img23.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathcal{O}\left(N^{2}\right)$">|;
+
+$key = q/mathbf{Ra}=mathbf{r};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img17.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathbf{Ra}=\mathbf{r}$">|;
+
+$key = q/pm2^{15};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="36" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img71.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm2^{15}$">|;
+
+$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.45paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{celp_decoder};AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="426" HEIGHT="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img7.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.45\paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{celp_decoder}">|;
+
+$key = q/left[17,144right];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img62.png"
+ ALT="$ \left[17,144\right]$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylee_{a}[n]=g_{0}e[n-T-1]+g_{1}e[n-T]+g_{2}e[n-T+1];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="336" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img56.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e_{a}[n]=g_{0}e[n-T-1]+g_{1}e[n-T]+g_{2}e[n-T+1]$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystyleX(z)=frac{C(z)}{A(z)left(1-betaz^{-T}right)};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="157" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img37.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle X(z)=\frac{C(z)}{A(z)\left(1-\beta z^{-T}\right)}$">|;
+
+$key = q/x[n];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img8.png"
+ ALT="$ x[n]$">|;
+
+$key = q/A(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img25.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/F_{s};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="18" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img1.png"
+ ALT="$ F_{s}$">|;
+
+$key = q/F_{s}slash2;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img2.png"
+ ALT="$ F_{s}/2$">|;
+
+$key = q/e[n];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img28.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n]$">|;
+
+$key = q/20:mathrm{ms};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img49.png"
+ ALT="$ 20\:\mathrm{ms}$">|;
+
+$key = q/NtimesN;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img16.png"
+ ALT="$ N\times N$">|;
+
+$key = q/p'_{i}=gammap_{i};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="34" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img45.png"
+ ALT="$ p'_{i}=\gamma p_{i}$">|;
+
+$key = q/N;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img6.png"
+ ALT="$ N$">|;
+
+$key = q/a_{2};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img68.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{2}$">|;
+
+$key = q/8:mathrm{kHz};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img48.png"
+ ALT="$ 8\:\mathrm{kHz}$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylee[n]=x[n]-y[n]=x[n]-sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="249" HEIGHT="62" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img11.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]=x[n]-y[n]=x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]$">|;
+
+$key = q/g_{frame};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img50.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{frame}$">|;
+
+$key = q/g_{1};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img58.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{1}$">|;
+
+$key = q/mathbf{R};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img22.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathbf{R}$">|;
+
+$key = q/dagger;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$">|;
+
+$key = q/R(m);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img20.png"
+ ALT="$ R(m)$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylemathbf{R}=left[{array}{cccc}R(0)&R(1)&cdots&R(N-1)R(1)&R(0)&cdots&R(N-2)vdots&vdots&ddots&vdotsR(N-1)&R(N-2)&cdots&R(0){array}right];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="314" HEIGHT="103" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img18.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle \mathbf{R}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
+R(0) & R(1) & \cdots & R(N-1...
+...& \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\\\
+R(N-1) & R(N-2) & \cdots & R(0)\end{array}\right]$">|;
+
+$key = q/gamma_{2}=0.6;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img41.png"
+ ALT="$ \gamma_{2}=0.6$">|;
+
+$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.4paperwidth]{speex_abs};AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="379" HEIGHT="548" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img54.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.4\paperwidth]{speex_abs}">|;
+
+$key = q/gamma_{1}=0.9;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img40.png"
+ ALT="$ \gamma_{1}=0.9$">|;
+
+$key = q/mu;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img4.png"
+ ALT="$ \mu$">|;
+
+$key = q/includegraphics[width=10cm]{echo_path};AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="242" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img3.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=10cm]{echo_path}">|;
+
+$key = q/A(zslashgamma);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="47" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img44.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z/\gamma)$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylee[n]simeqp[n]=betae[n-T];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="153" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img29.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]\simeq p[n]=\beta e[n-T]$">|;
+
+$key = q/X(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img36.png"
+ ALT="$ X(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/e_{a}[n];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img55.png"
+ ALT="$ e_{a}[n]$">|;
+
+$key = q/1slashA(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img26.png"
+ ALT="$ 1/A(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/g_{subf};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="36" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img64.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{subf}$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylee[n]=p[n]+c[n]=betae[n-T]+c[n];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="234" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img35.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]=p[n]+c[n]=\beta e[n-T]+c[n]$">|;
+
+$key = q/n-2T+1;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="73" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img61.png"
+ ALT="$ n-2T+1$">|;
+
+$key = q/g_{2};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img59.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{2}$">|;
+
+$key = q/pm1.0;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img72.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm1.0$">|;
+
+$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.45paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{ref_shaping};AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="301" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img47.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.45\paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{ref_shaping}">|;
+
+$key = q/S(z)=1slashA(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img65.png"
+ ALT="$ S(z)=1/A(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/r=.9;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img70.png"
+ ALT="$ r=.9$">|;
+
+$key = q/e[n-T];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img32.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n-T]$">|;
+
+$key = q/a_{i};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img12.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{i}$">|;
+
+$key = q/c[n];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img34.png"
+ ALT="$ c[n]$">|;
+
+$key = q/a_{3}=frac{1}{r}left(1-frac{1-ra_{1}}{1-ra_{2}}right);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="129" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img69.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{3}=\frac{1}{r}\left(1-\frac{1-ra_{1}}{1-ra_{2}}\right)$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystylefrac{partialE}{partiala_{i}}=frac{partial}{partiala_{i}}sum_{n=0}^{L-1}left[x[n]-sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]right]^{2}=0;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="267" HEIGHT="72" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img15.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle \frac{\partial E}{\partial a_{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial a_{i}}\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}=0$">|;
+
+$key = q/TggN;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img33.png"
+ ALT="$ T\gg N$">|;
+
+$key = q/n-T+1geq0;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="92" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img60.png"
+ ALT="$ n-T+1\geq0$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystyleE=sum_{n=0}^{L-1}left[e[n]right]^{2}=sum_{n=0}^{L-1}left[x[n]-sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]right]^{2};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="283" HEIGHT="72" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img13.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle E=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[e[n]\right]^{2}=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}$">|;
+
+$key = q/hat{A}(z);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img52.png"
+ ALT="$ \hat{A}(z)$">|;
+
+$key = q/4^{th};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="23" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img51.png"
+ ALT="$ 4^{th}$">|;
+
+$key = q/beta_{i};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img63.png"
+ ALT="$ \beta_{i}$">|;
+
+$key = q/displaystyley[n]=sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i];MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="62" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img9.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle y[n]=\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]$">|;
+
+$key = q/mathcal{O}left(N^{3}right);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img24.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathcal{O}\left(N^{3}\right)$">|;
+
+$key = q/beta;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
+$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
+ WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="|."$dir".q|img31.png"
+ ALT="$ \beta$">|;
+
+1;
+
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.tex
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.tex (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/images.tex 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+\batchmode
+
+\documentclass[10pt,oneside,english]{scrbook}
+\RequirePackage{ifthen}
+
+
+\usepackage{pslatex}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\geometry{verbose,letterpaper,tmargin=2cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+\usepackage{verbatim}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{makeidx}
+\makeindex
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\IfFileExists{url.sty}{\usepackage{url}}
+ {%
+\providecommand{\url}{\texttt} }
+
+
+\makeatletter
+
+
+
+%
+\newenvironment{lyxcode}{\begin{list}{}{
+\setlength{\rightmargin}{\leftmargin}
+\setlength{\listparindent}{0pt}% needed for AMS classes
+\raggedright
+\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
+\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}
+\normalfont\ttfamily}%
+ \item[]}
+{\end{list}}
+
+
+\usepackage{babel}
+\makeatother
+
+
+\usepackage[dvips]{color}
+
+
+\pagecolor[gray]{.7}
+
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+
+
+
+\makeatletter
+
+\makeatletter
+\count@=\the\catcode`\_ \catcode`\_=8
+\newenvironment{tex2html_wrap}{}{}%
+\catcode`\<=12\catcode`\_=\count@
+\newcommand{\providedcommand}[1]{\expandafter\providecommand\csname #1\endcsname}%
+\newcommand{\renewedcommand}[1]{\expandafter\providecommand\csname #1\endcsname{}%
+ \expandafter\renewcommand\csname #1\endcsname}%
+\newcommand{\newedenvironment}[1]{\newenvironment{#1}{}{}\renewenvironment{#1}}%
+\let\newedcommand\renewedcommand
+\let\renewedenvironment\newedenvironment
+\makeatother
+\let\mathon=$
+\let\mathoff=$
+\ifx\AtBeginDocument\undefined \newcommand{\AtBeginDocument}[1]{}\fi
+\newbox\sizebox
+\setlength{\hoffset}{0pt}\setlength{\voffset}{0pt}
+\addtolength{\textheight}{\footskip}\setlength{\footskip}{0pt}
+\addtolength{\textheight}{\topmargin}\setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
+\addtolength{\textheight}{\headheight}\setlength{\headheight}{0pt}
+\addtolength{\textheight}{\headsep}\setlength{\headsep}{0pt}
+\setlength{\textwidth}{349pt}
+\newwrite\lthtmlwrite
+\makeatletter
+\let\realnormalsize=\normalsize
+\global\topskip=2sp
+\def\preveqno{}\let\real at float=\@float \let\realend at float=\end at float
+\def\@float{\let\@savefreelist\@freelist\real at float}
+\def\liih at math{\ifmmode$\else\bad at math\fi}
+\def\end at float{\realend at float\global\let\@freelist\@savefreelist}
+\let\real at dbflt=\@dbflt \let\end at dblfloat=\end at float
+\let\@largefloatcheck=\relax
+\let\if at boxedmulticols=\iftrue
+\def\@dbflt{\let\@savefreelist\@freelist\real at dbflt}
+\def\adjustnormalsize{\def\normalsize{\mathsurround=0pt \realnormalsize
+ \parindent=0pt\abovedisplayskip=0pt\belowdisplayskip=0pt}%
+ \def\phantompar{\csname par\endcsname}\normalsize}%
+\def\lthtmltypeout#1{{\let\protect\string \immediate\write\lthtmlwrite{#1}}}%
+\newcommand\lthtmlhboxmathA{\adjustnormalsize\setbox\sizebox=\hbox\bgroup\kern.05em }%
+\newcommand\lthtmlhboxmathB{\adjustnormalsize\setbox\sizebox=\hbox to\hsize\bgroup\hfill }%
+\newcommand\lthtmlvboxmathA{\adjustnormalsize\setbox\sizebox=\vbox\bgroup %
+ \let\ifinner=\iffalse \let\)\liih at math }%
+\newcommand\lthtmlboxmathZ{\@next\next\@currlist{}{\def\next{\voidb at x}}%
+ \expandafter\box\next\egroup}%
+\newcommand\lthtmlmathtype[1]{\gdef\lthtmlmathenv{#1}}%
+\newcommand\lthtmllogmath{\dimen0\ht\sizebox \advance\dimen0\dp\sizebox
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+\providecommand{\Mu}{\textrm{M}}
+\providecommand{\Kappa}{\textrm{K}}
+\providecommand{\Rho}{\textrm{R}}
+\providecommand{\Epsilon}{\textrm{E}}
+\providecommand{\Chi}{\textrm{X}}
+\providecommand{\Iota}{\textrm{J}}
+\providecommand{\omicron}{\textrm{o}}
+\providecommand{\Zeta}{\textrm{Z}}
+\providecommand{\Eta}{\textrm{H}}
+\providecommand{\Nu}{\textrm{N}}
+\providecommand{\Omicron}{\textrm{O}}
+\providecommand{\Tau}{\textrm{T}}
+\providecommand{\Alpha}{\textrm{A}}
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+\lthtmltypeout{latex2htmlLength headheight=\the\headheight}\lthtmltypeout{}%
+\lthtmltypeout{latex2htmlLength headsep=\the\headsep}\lthtmltypeout{}%
+\lthtmltypeout{latex2htmlLength parskip=\the\parskip}\lthtmltypeout{}%
+\lthtmltypeout{latex2htmlLength oddsidemargin=\the\oddsidemargin}\lthtmltypeout{}%
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+
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+$ e[n-T]$%
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+{\newpage\clearpage
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+
+{\newpage\clearpage
+\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_indisplay3851}%
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+
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img1.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img1.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img1.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+‰PNG
+
+
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+@’ÌÎH ‘@ä†/`±Á‚¦ Àb>ô;06€Œ? B\O¼ ,ÿ¨*–÷ › ¢ lBˆ³Ÿ‹À òp#ïÑè
+ï IEND®B`‚
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img10.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img10.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img10.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+‰PNG
+
+
+IHDR „œ5ç 0PLTE³³³¨¨¨œœœ„„„xxxlll```TTTHHH<<<000$$$ êYËž tRNS @æØf šIDAT•c` ~0b at eò3|``˜âà†Ò\ ‚S | #%ƒ/ i~o X âăp¢ˆ>`
+Ñ
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img11.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img11.png (rev 0)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img13.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img13.png (rev 0)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img14.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img14.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img14.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img15.png
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img16.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img16.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img16.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img19.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img19.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img19.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img2.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img2.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img2.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img20.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img20.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img20.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img21.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img21.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img21.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img22.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img22.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img22.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+‰PNG
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img23.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img23.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img23.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+‰PNG
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img24.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img24.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img24.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+‰PNG
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+IHDR 3 % jü 0PLTE³³³¨¨¨œœœ„„„xxxlll```TTTHHH<<<000$$$ êYËž tRNS @æØf <IDAT(‘ÍR;NÃ@}Ûñ;éB‡ *Sà
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img25.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img25.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img25.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+‰PNG
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img26.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img26.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img26.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img27.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img27.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img27.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img28.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img28.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img28.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+‰PNG
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\ No newline at end of file
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img29.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img29.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img29.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img3.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img3.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img30.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img30.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img30.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img31.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img31.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img31.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img32.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img32.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img32.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img33.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img33.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img33.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img34.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img34.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img34.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img35.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img35.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img35.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img36.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img36.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img36.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img37.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img37.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img37.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img38.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img38.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img38.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img39.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img39.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img39.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img4.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img4.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img4.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img40.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img40.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img40.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img41.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img41.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img41.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img57.png
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img58.png
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+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img58.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img59.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img59.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img6.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img6.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img60.png
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img60.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img60.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img61.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img61.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img62.png
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+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img62.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img63.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img63.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img63.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img64.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img64.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img64.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img65.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img65.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img65.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img66.png
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img66.png (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/img66.png 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>The Speex Codec Manual
+Version 1.2 Beta 2</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="The Speex Codec Manual
+Version 1.2 Beta 2">
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+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html19"
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+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
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+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>The Speex Codec Manual
+<BR>
+Version 1.2 Beta 2</H1>
+<P ALIGN=CENTER><STRONG>Jean-Marc Valin</STRONG>
+</P>
+<HR>
+
+
+
+<P>
+Copyright ©2002-2007 Jean-Marc Valin/Xiph.org Foundation
+
+<P>
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
+no Invariant Section, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover.
+A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
+Free Documentation License".
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html20"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html21"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html22"
+ HREF="node3.html">Introduction to Speex</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html23"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00310000000000000000">Getting help</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html24"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00320000000000000000">About this document</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html25"
+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html26"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00410000000000000000">Concepts</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html27"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00411000000000000000">Sampling rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html28"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00412000000000000000">Bit-rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html29"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00413000000000000000">Quality (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html30"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00414000000000000000">Complexity (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html31"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00415000000000000000">Variable Bit-Rate (VBR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html32"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00416000000000000000">Average Bit-Rate (ABR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html33"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00417000000000000000">Voice Activity Detection (VAD)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html34"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00418000000000000000">Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html35"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00419000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html36"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION004110000000000000000">Latency and algorithmic delay</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html37"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00420000000000000000">Codec</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html38"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00430000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html39"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00440000000000000000">Adaptive Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html40"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00450000000000000000">Acoustic Echo Canceller</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html41"
+ HREF="node5.html">Compiling</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html42"
+ HREF="node5.html#SECTION00510000000000000000">Platforms</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html43"
+ HREF="node6.html">Command-line encoder/decoder</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html44"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00610000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN></A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html45"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00611000000000000000">Speex comments</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html46"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00612000000000000000">Raw input options</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html47"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00620000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN></A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html48"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the libspeex API)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html49"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00710000000000000000">Encoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html50"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00720000000000000000">Decoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html51"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00730000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html52"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00740000000000000000">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html53"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00741000000000000000">Troubleshooting</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html54"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00750000000000000000">Jitter Buffer</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html55"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00751000000000000000">Generic Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html56"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00752000000000000000">Speex Jitter Buffer</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html57"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00760000000000000000">Resampler</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html58"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00770000000000000000">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html59"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00780000000000000000">Mode queries</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html60"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00790000000000000000">Preprocessor options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html61"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">Packing and in-band signalling</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html62"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html63"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00810000000000000000">RTP Payload Format </A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html64"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00820000000000000000">MIME Type</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html65"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00830000000000000000">Ogg file format</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html66"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html67"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00910000000000000000">Source-Filter Model of Speech Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html68"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00920000000000000000">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html69"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00930000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html70"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00940000000000000000">Innovation Codebook</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html71"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00950000000000000000">Noise Weighting</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html72"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00960000000000000000">Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html73"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html74"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001010000000000000000">Whole-Frame Analysis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html75"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001020000000000000000">Sub-Frame Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html76"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001030000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html77"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001040000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html78"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html79"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Linear Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html80"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html81"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Excitation Quantization</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html82"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001140000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html83"
+ HREF="node12.html">FAQ</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html84"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001201000000000000000">Vorbis is open-source and patent-free;
+why do we need Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html85"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001202000000000000000">Isn't there an open-source implementation of the GSM-FR codec? Why
+is Speex necessary?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html86"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001203000000000000000">Under what license is Speex released?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html87"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001204000000000000000">Am I allowed to use Speex in commercial software?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html88"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001205000000000000000">Ogg, Speex, Vorbis, what's the difference?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html89"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001206000000000000000">What's the extension for Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html90"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001207000000000000000">Can I use Speex for compressing music?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html91"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001208000000000000000">I converted some MP3s to Speex and the quality is bad. What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html92"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001209000000000000000">Does Speex run on Windows?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html93"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012010000000000000000">Why is encoding so slow compared to decoding?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html94"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012011000000000000000">Why is Speex so slow on my iPaq (or insert any platform without an
+FPU)?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html95"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012012000000000000000">I'm getting unusual background noise (hiss) when using libspeex in
+my application. How do I fix that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html96"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012013000000000000000">I get very distorted speech when using libspeex in my application.
+What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html97"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012014000000000000000">How does Speex compare to other proprietary codecs?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html98"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012015000000000000000">Can Speex pass DTMF?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html99"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012016000000000000000">Can Speex pass V.9x modem signals correctly?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html100"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012017000000000000000">What is your (Jean-Marc) relationship with the University of Sherbrooke
+and how does Speex fit into that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html101"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012018000000000000000">CELP, ACELP, what's the difference?</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html102"
+ HREF="node13.html">Sample code</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html103"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001310000000000000000">sampleenc.c</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html104"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001320000000000000000">sampledec.c</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html105"
+ HREF="node14.html">IETF RTP Profile</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html106"
+ HREF="node15.html">Speex License</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html107"
+ HREF="node16.html">GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html108"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001610000000000000000">0. PREAMBLE</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html109"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001620000000000000000">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html110"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001630000000000000000">2. VERBATIM COPYING</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html111"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001640000000000000000">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html112"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001650000000000000000">4. MODIFICATIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html113"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001660000000000000000">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html114"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001670000000000000000">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html115"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001680000000000000000">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html116"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001690000000000000000">8. TRANSLATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html117"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016100000000000000000">9. TERMINATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html118"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016110000000000000000">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html119"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html120"
+ HREF="node18.html">About this document ...</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
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+‰PNG
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===================================================================
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+$key = q/sec:Speex-narrowband-mode/;
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+$noresave{$key} = "$nosave";
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+1;
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+$external_labels{$key} = "$URL/" . q|node4.html|;
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+$external_latex_labels{$key} = q|C|;
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+
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+$external_latex_labels{$key} = q|5.4|;
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+$key = q/sec:Speex-narrowband-mode/;
+$external_latex_labels{$key} = q|8|;
+$noresave{$key} = "$nosave";
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+1;
+
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.css
===================================================================
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/manual.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
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+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>The Speex Codec Manual
+Version 1.2 Beta 2</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="The Speex Codec Manual
+Version 1.2 Beta 2">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
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+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html18"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up_g.png">
+<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev_g.png">
+<A NAME="tex2html14"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html16"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html19"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html15"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html17"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>The Speex Codec Manual
+<BR>
+Version 1.2 Beta 2</H1>
+<P ALIGN=CENTER><STRONG>Jean-Marc Valin</STRONG>
+</P>
+<HR>
+
+
+
+<P>
+Copyright ©2002-2007 Jean-Marc Valin/Xiph.org Foundation
+
+<P>
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
+no Invariant Section, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover.
+A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
+Free Documentation License".
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html20"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html21"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html22"
+ HREF="node3.html">Introduction to Speex</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html23"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00310000000000000000">Getting help</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html24"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00320000000000000000">About this document</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html25"
+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html26"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00410000000000000000">Concepts</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html27"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00411000000000000000">Sampling rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html28"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00412000000000000000">Bit-rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html29"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00413000000000000000">Quality (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html30"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00414000000000000000">Complexity (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html31"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00415000000000000000">Variable Bit-Rate (VBR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html32"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00416000000000000000">Average Bit-Rate (ABR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html33"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00417000000000000000">Voice Activity Detection (VAD)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html34"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00418000000000000000">Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html35"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00419000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html36"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION004110000000000000000">Latency and algorithmic delay</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html37"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00420000000000000000">Codec</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html38"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00430000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html39"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00440000000000000000">Adaptive Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html40"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00450000000000000000">Acoustic Echo Canceller</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html41"
+ HREF="node5.html">Compiling</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html42"
+ HREF="node5.html#SECTION00510000000000000000">Platforms</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html43"
+ HREF="node6.html">Command-line encoder/decoder</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html44"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00610000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN></A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html45"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00611000000000000000">Speex comments</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html46"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00612000000000000000">Raw input options</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html47"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00620000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN></A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html48"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the libspeex API)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html49"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00710000000000000000">Encoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html50"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00720000000000000000">Decoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html51"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00730000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html52"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00740000000000000000">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html53"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00741000000000000000">Troubleshooting</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html54"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00750000000000000000">Jitter Buffer</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html55"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00751000000000000000">Generic Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html56"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00752000000000000000">Speex Jitter Buffer</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html57"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00760000000000000000">Resampler</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html58"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00770000000000000000">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html59"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00780000000000000000">Mode queries</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html60"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00790000000000000000">Preprocessor options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html61"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">Packing and in-band signalling</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html62"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html63"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00810000000000000000">RTP Payload Format </A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html64"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00820000000000000000">MIME Type</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html65"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00830000000000000000">Ogg file format</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html66"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html67"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00910000000000000000">Source-Filter Model of Speech Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html68"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00920000000000000000">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html69"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00930000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html70"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00940000000000000000">Innovation Codebook</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html71"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00950000000000000000">Noise Weighting</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html72"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00960000000000000000">Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html73"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html74"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001010000000000000000">Whole-Frame Analysis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html75"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001020000000000000000">Sub-Frame Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html76"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001030000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html77"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001040000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html78"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html79"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Linear Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html80"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html81"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Excitation Quantization</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html82"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001140000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html83"
+ HREF="node12.html">FAQ</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html84"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001201000000000000000">Vorbis is open-source and patent-free;
+why do we need Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html85"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001202000000000000000">Isn't there an open-source implementation of the GSM-FR codec? Why
+is Speex necessary?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html86"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001203000000000000000">Under what license is Speex released?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html87"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001204000000000000000">Am I allowed to use Speex in commercial software?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html88"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001205000000000000000">Ogg, Speex, Vorbis, what's the difference?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html89"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001206000000000000000">What's the extension for Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html90"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001207000000000000000">Can I use Speex for compressing music?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html91"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001208000000000000000">I converted some MP3s to Speex and the quality is bad. What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html92"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001209000000000000000">Does Speex run on Windows?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html93"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012010000000000000000">Why is encoding so slow compared to decoding?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html94"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012011000000000000000">Why is Speex so slow on my iPaq (or insert any platform without an
+FPU)?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html95"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012012000000000000000">I'm getting unusual background noise (hiss) when using libspeex in
+my application. How do I fix that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html96"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012013000000000000000">I get very distorted speech when using libspeex in my application.
+What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html97"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012014000000000000000">How does Speex compare to other proprietary codecs?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html98"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012015000000000000000">Can Speex pass DTMF?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html99"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012016000000000000000">Can Speex pass V.9x modem signals correctly?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html100"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012017000000000000000">What is your (Jean-Marc) relationship with the University of Sherbrooke
+and how does Speex fit into that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html101"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012018000000000000000">CELP, ACELP, what's the difference?</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html102"
+ HREF="node13.html">Sample code</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html103"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001310000000000000000">sampleenc.c</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html104"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001320000000000000000">sampledec.c</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html105"
+ HREF="node14.html">IETF RTP Profile</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html106"
+ HREF="node15.html">Speex License</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html107"
+ HREF="node16.html">GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html108"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001610000000000000000">0. PREAMBLE</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html109"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001620000000000000000">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html110"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001630000000000000000">2. VERBATIM COPYING</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html111"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001640000000000000000">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html112"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001650000000000000000">4. MODIFICATIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html113"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001660000000000000000">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html114"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001670000000000000000">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html115"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001680000000000000000">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html116"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001690000000000000000">8. TRANSLATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html117"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016100000000000000000">9. TERMINATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html118"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016110000000000000000">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html119"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html120"
+ HREF="node18.html">About this document ...</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
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+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
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+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node2.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html131"
+ HREF="node2.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html127"
+ HREF="manual.html">
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+ HREF="manual.html">
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+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html132"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html128"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html122"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html130"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<BR>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00100000000000000000">
+Contents</A>
+</H2>
+<!--Table of Contents-->
+
+<UL CLASS="TofC">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html133"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html134"
+ HREF="node3.html">Introduction to Speex</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html135"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00310000000000000000">Getting help</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html136"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00320000000000000000">About this document</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html137"
+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html138"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00410000000000000000">Concepts</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html139"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00420000000000000000">Codec</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html140"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00430000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html141"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00440000000000000000">Adaptive Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html142"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00450000000000000000">Acoustic Echo Canceller</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html143"
+ HREF="node5.html">Compiling</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html144"
+ HREF="node5.html#SECTION00510000000000000000">Platforms</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html145"
+ HREF="node6.html">Command-line encoder/decoder</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html146"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00610000000000000000">speexenc</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html147"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00620000000000000000">speexdec</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html148"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the libspeex API)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html149"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00710000000000000000">Encoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html150"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00720000000000000000">Decoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html151"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00730000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html152"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00740000000000000000">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html153"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00741000000000000000">Troubleshooting</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html154"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00750000000000000000">Jitter Buffer</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html155"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00751000000000000000">Generic Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html156"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00752000000000000000">Speex Jitter Buffer</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html157"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00760000000000000000">Resampler</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html158"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00770000000000000000">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html159"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00780000000000000000">Mode queries</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html160"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00790000000000000000">Preprocessor options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html161"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">Packing and in-band signalling</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html162"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html163"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00810000000000000000">RTP Payload Format </A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html164"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00820000000000000000">MIME Type</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html165"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00830000000000000000">Ogg file format</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html166"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html167"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00910000000000000000">Source-Filter Model of Speech Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html168"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00920000000000000000">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html169"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00930000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html170"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00940000000000000000">Innovation Codebook</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html171"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00950000000000000000">Noise Weighting</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html172"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00960000000000000000">Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html173"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html174"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001010000000000000000">Whole-Frame Analysis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html175"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001020000000000000000">Sub-Frame Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html176"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001030000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html177"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001040000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html178"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html179"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Linear Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html180"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html181"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Excitation Quantization</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html182"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001140000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html183"
+ HREF="node12.html">FAQ</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html184"
+ HREF="node13.html">Sample code</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html185"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001310000000000000000">sampleenc.c</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html186"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001320000000000000000">sampledec.c</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html187"
+ HREF="node14.html">IETF RTP Profile</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html188"
+ HREF="node15.html">Speex License</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html189"
+ HREF="node16.html">GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html190"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Contents-->
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node10.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node10.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node10.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,742 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Speex narrowband mode</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Speex narrowband mode">
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+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node11.html">
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+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node11.html">
+</HEAD>
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+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html359"
+ HREF="node11.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html360"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html354"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html348"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html356"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html358"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html361"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001010000000000000000">Whole-Frame Analysis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html362"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001020000000000000000">Sub-Frame Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html363"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001030000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html364"
+ HREF="node10.html#SECTION001040000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001000000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Speex-narrowband-mode"></A><A NAME="644"></A>
+<BR>
+Speex narrowband mode
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This section looks at how Speex works for narrowband (<!-- MATH
+ $8\:\mathrm{kHz}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img48.png"
+ ALT="$ 8\:\mathrm{kHz}$"></SPAN>
+
+sampling rate) operation. The frame size for this mode is <!-- MATH
+ $20\:\mathrm{ms}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img49.png"
+ ALT="$ 20\:\mathrm{ms}$"></SPAN>
+,
+corresponding to 160 samples. Each frame is also subdivided into 4
+sub-frames of 40 samples each.
+
+<P>
+Also many design decisions were based on the original goals and assumptions:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Minimizing the amount of information extracted from past frames (for
+robustness to packet loss)
+</LI>
+<LI>Dynamically-selectable codebooks (LSP, pitch and innovation)
+</LI>
+<LI>sub-vector fixed (innovation) codebooks
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001010000000000000000"></A><A NAME="649"></A>
+<BR>
+Whole-Frame Analysis
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+In narrowband, Speex frames are 20 ms long (160 samples) and are subdivided
+in 4 sub-frames of 5 ms each (40 samples). For most narrowband bit-rates
+(8 kbps and above), the only parameters encoded at the frame level
+are the Line Spectral Pairs (LSP) and a global excitation gain <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img50.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{frame}$"></SPAN>
+,
+as shown in Fig. <A HREF="#cap:Frame-open-loop-analysis">3</A>. All other parameters
+are encoded at the sub-frame level.
+
+<P>
+Linear prediction analysis is performed once per frame using an asymmetric
+Hamming window centered on the fourth sub-frame. Because linear prediction
+coefficients (LPC) are not robust to quantization, they are first
+are converted to line spectral pairs (LSP)<A NAME="652"></A>.
+The LSP's are considered to be associated to the <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="23" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img51.png"
+ ALT="$ 4^{th}$"></SPAN>
+ sub-frames
+and the LSP's associated to the first 3 sub-frames are linearly interpolated
+using the current and previous LSP coefficients. The LSP coefficients
+and converted back to the LPC filter <!-- MATH
+ $\hat{A}(z)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img52.png"
+ ALT="$ \hat{A}(z)$"></SPAN>
+. The non-quantized
+interpolated filter is denoted <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img25.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z)$"></SPAN>
+ and can be used for the weighting
+filter <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ because it does not need to be available to the decoder.
+
+<P>
+To make Speex more robust to packet loss, no prediction is applied
+on the LSP coefficients prior to quantization. The LSPs are encoded
+using vector quantizatin (VQ) with 30 bits for higher quality modes
+and 18 bits for lower quality.
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cap:Frame-open-loop-analysis"></A><A NAME="956"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure 3:</STRONG>
+Frame open-loop analysis</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="326" HEIGHT="127" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img53.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.35\paperwidth]{speex_analysis}">
+</DIV>
+
+<P></TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001020000000000000000">
+Sub-Frame Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cap:Sub-frame-AbS"></A><A NAME="957"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure 4:</STRONG>
+Analysis-by-synthesis closed-loop optimization on a sub-frame.</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="379" HEIGHT="548" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img54.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.4\paperwidth]{speex_abs}">
+</DIV>
+
+<P></TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+The analysis-by-synthesis (AbS) encoder loop is described in Fig.
+<A HREF="#cap:Sub-frame-AbS">4</A>. There are three main aspects where Speex
+significantly differs from most other CELP codecs. First, while most
+recent CELP codecs make use of fractional pitch estimation with a
+single gain, Speex uses an integer to encode the pitch period, but
+uses a 3-tap predictor (3 gains). The adaptive codebook contribution
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img55.png"
+ ALT="$ e_{a}[n]$"></SPAN>
+ can thus be expressed as:<P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay"><A NAME="eq:adaptive-3tap"></A><!-- MATH
+ \begin{equation}
+e_{a}[n]=g_{0}e[n-T-1]+g_{1}e[n-T]+g_{2}e[n-T+1]
+\end{equation}
+ -->
+<TABLE CLASS="equation" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE">
+<TD NOWRAP ALIGN="CENTER"><SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="336" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img56.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e_{a}[n]=g_{0}e[n-T-1]+g_{1}e[n-T]+g_{2}e[n-T+1]$"></SPAN></TD>
+<TD NOWRAP CLASS="eqno" WIDTH="10" ALIGN="RIGHT">
+(<SPAN CLASS="eqn-number">2</SPAN>)</TD></TR>
+</TABLE></DIV>
+<BR CLEAR="ALL"><P></P>
+where <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img57.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{0}$"></SPAN>
+, <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img58.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{1}$"></SPAN>
+ and <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img59.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{2}$"></SPAN>
+ are the jointly quantized pitch
+gains and <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img28.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n]$"></SPAN>
+ is the codec excitation memory. It is worth noting
+that when the pitch is smaller than the sub-frame size, we repeat
+the excitation at a period <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img30.png"
+ ALT="$ T$"></SPAN>
+. For example, when <!-- MATH
+ $n-T+1\geq0$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="92" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img60.png"
+ ALT="$ n-T+1\geq0$"></SPAN>
+,
+we use <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="73" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img61.png"
+ ALT="$ n-2T+1$"></SPAN>
+ instead. In most modes, the pitch period is encoded
+with 7 bits in the <!-- MATH
+ $\left[17,144\right]$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img62.png"
+ ALT="$ \left[17,144\right]$"></SPAN>
+ range and the <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img63.png"
+ ALT="$ \beta_{i}$"></SPAN>
+
+coefficients are vector-quantized using 7 bits at higher bit-rates
+(15 kbps narrowband and above) and 5 bits at lower bit-rates (11 kbps
+narrowband and below).
+
+<P>
+Many current CELP codecs use moving average (MA) prediction to encode
+the fixed codebook gain. This provides slightly better coding at the
+expense of introducing a dependency on previously encoded frames.
+A second difference is that Speex encodes the fixed codebook gain
+as the product of the global excitation gain <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img50.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{frame}$"></SPAN>
+ with a sub-frame
+gain corrections <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="36" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img64.png"
+ ALT="$ g_{subf}$"></SPAN>
+. This increases robustness to packet
+loss by eliminating the inter-frame dependency. The sub-frame gain
+correction is encoded before the fixed codebook is searched (not closed-loop
+optimized) and uses between 0 and 3 bits per sub-frame, depending
+on the bit-rate.
+
+<P>
+The third difference is that Speex uses sub-vector quantization of
+the innovation (fixed codebook) signal instead of an algebraic codebook.
+Each sub-frame is divided into sub-vectors of lengths ranging between
+5 and 20 samples. Each sub-vector is chosen from a bitrate-dependent
+codebook and all sub-vectors are concatenated to form a sub-frame.
+As an example, the 3.95 kbps mode uses a sub-vector size of 20 samples
+with 32 entries in the codebook (5 bits). This means that the innovation
+is encoded with 10 bits per sub-frame, or 2000 bps. On the other hand,
+the 18.2 kbps mode uses a sub-vector size of 5 samples with 256 entries
+in the codebook (8 bits), so the innovation uses 64 bits per sub-frame,
+or 12800 bps.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001030000000000000000">
+Bit allocation</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+There are 7 different narrowband bit-rates defined for Speex, ranging
+from 250 bps to 24.6 kbps, although the modes below 5.9 kbps should
+not be used for speech. The bit-allocation for each mode is detailed
+in table <A HREF="#cap:bits-narrowband">3</A>. Each frame starts with the mode
+ID encoded with 4 bits which allows a range from 0 to 15, though only
+the first 7 values are used (the others are reserved). The parameters
+are listed in the table in the order they are packed in the bit-stream.
+All frame-based parameters are packed before sub-frame parameters.
+The parameters for a certain sub-frame are all packed before the following
+sub-frame is packed. Note that the ``OL'' in the parameter description
+means that the parameter is an open loop estimation based on the whole
+frame.
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="958"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table 3:</STRONG>
+Bit allocation for narrowband modes</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Parameter</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Update rate</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Wideband bit</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Mode ID</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">LSP</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">30</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">30</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">30</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">OL pitch</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">OL pitch gain</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">OL Exc gain</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Fine pitch</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Pitch gain</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Innovation gain</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Innovation VQ</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">16</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">20</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">35</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">48</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">64</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">96</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Total</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">43</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">119</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">160</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">220</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">300</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">364</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">492</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">79</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+So far, no MOS (Mean Opinion Score<A NAME="694"></A>) subjective
+evaluation has been performed for Speex. In order to give an idea
+of the quality achievable with it, table <A HREF="#cap:quality_vs_bps">4</A>
+presents my own subjective opinion on it. It sould be noted that different
+people will perceive the quality differently and that the person that
+designed the codec often has a bias (one way or another) when it comes
+to subjective evaluation. Last thing, it should be noted that for
+most codecs (including Speex) encoding quality sometimes varies depending
+on the input. Note that the complexity is only approximate (within
+0.5 mflops and using the lowest complexity setting). Decoding requires
+approximately 0.5 mflops<A NAME="696"></A> in most modes (1 mflops
+with perceptual enhancement).
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="959"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table 4:</STRONG>
+Quality versus bit-rate</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Mode</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Quality</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Bit-rate<A NAME="701"></A> (bps)</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">mflops<A NAME="702"></A></TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Quality/description</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">250</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">No transmission (DTX)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">2,150</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Vocoder (mostly for comfort noise)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5,950</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">9</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Very noticeable artifacts/noise, good intelligibility</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3-4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">8,000</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Artifacts/noise sometimes noticeable</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5-6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">11,000</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">14</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Artifacts usually noticeable only with headphones</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7-8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">15,000</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">11</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Need good headphones to tell the difference</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">9</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">18,200</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">17.5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Hard to tell the difference even with good headphones</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">24,600</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">14.5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Completely transparent for voice, good quality music</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3,950</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">10.5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Very noticeable artifacts/noise, good intelligibility</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">9</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">11</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">13</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Application-defined, interpreted by callback or skipped</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">14</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Speex in-band signaling</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">15</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Terminator code</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001040000000000000000"></A><A NAME="707"></A>
+<BR>
+Perceptual enhancement
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="textbf">This section was only valid for version 1.1.12 and earlier.
+It does not apply to version 1.2-beta1 (and later), for which the
+new perceptual enhancement is not yet documented.</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+This part of the codec only applies to the decoder and can even be
+changed without affecting inter-operability. For that reason, the
+implementation provided and described here should only be considered
+as a reference implementation. The enhancement system is divided into
+two parts. First, the synthesis filter <!-- MATH
+ $S(z)=1/A(z)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img65.png"
+ ALT="$ S(z)=1/A(z)$"></SPAN>
+ is replaced
+by an enhanced filter:<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+S'(z)=\frac{A\left(z/a_{2}\right)A\left(z/a_{3}\right)}{A\left(z\right)A\left(z/a_{1}\right)}
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="165" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img66.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle S'(z)=\frac{A\left(z/a_{2}\right)A\left(z/a_{3}\right)}{A\left(z\right)A\left(z/a_{1}\right)}$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+where <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img67.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{1}$"></SPAN>
+ and <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img68.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{2}$"></SPAN>
+ depend on the mode in use and <!-- MATH
+ $a_{3}=\frac{1}{r}\left(1-\frac{1-ra_{1}}{1-ra_{2}}\right)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="129" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img69.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{3}=\frac{1}{r}\left(1-\frac{1-ra_{1}}{1-ra_{2}}\right)$"></SPAN>
+
+with <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img70.png"
+ ALT="$ r=.9$"></SPAN>
+. The second part of the enhancement consists of using
+a comb filter to enhance the pitch in the excitation domain.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html359"
+ HREF="node11.html">
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html360"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html354"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html348"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html356"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html358"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node11.html
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+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node11.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)">
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+
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html378"
+ HREF="node12.html">FAQ</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html372"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html366"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html374"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html376"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html379"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Linear Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html380"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html381"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Excitation Quantization</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html382"
+ HREF="node11.html#SECTION001140000000000000000">Bit allocation</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001100000000000000000"></A><A NAME="720"></A><A NAME="sec:Speex-wideband-mode"></A>
+<BR>
+Speex wideband mode (sub-band CELP)
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+For wideband, the Speex approach uses a <SPAN CLASS="textit">q</SPAN>uadrature <SPAN CLASS="textit">m</SPAN>irror
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">f</SPAN>ilter<A NAME="725"></A> (QMF) to split the
+band in two. The 16 kHz signal is thus divided into two 8 kHz signals,
+one representing the low band (0-4 kHz), the other the high band (4-8
+kHz). The low band is encoded with the narrowband mode described in
+section <A HREF="node10.html#sec:Speex-narrowband-mode">8</A> in such a way that the resulting
+``embedded narrowband bit-stream'' can also be decoded with the
+narrowband decoder. Since the low band encoding has already been described,
+only the high band encoding is described in this section.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001110000000000000000">
+Linear Prediction</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The linear prediction part used for the high-band is very similar
+to what is done for narrowband. The only difference is that we use
+only 12 bits to encode the high-band LSP's using a multi-stage vector
+quantizer (MSVQ). The first level quantizes the 10 coefficients with
+6 bits and the error is then quantized using 6 bits, too.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001120000000000000000">
+Pitch Prediction</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+That part is easy: there's no pitch prediction for the high-band.
+There are two reasons for that. First, there is usually little harmonic
+structure in this band (above 4 kHz). Second, it would be very hard
+to implement since the QMF folds the 4-8 kHz band into 4-0 kHz (reversing
+the frequency axis), which means that the location of the harmonics
+is no longer at multiples of the fundamental (pitch).
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001130000000000000000">
+Excitation Quantization</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The high-band excitation is coded in the same way as for narrowband.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001140000000000000000">
+Bit allocation</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+For the wideband mode, the entire narrowband frame is packed before
+the high-band is encoded. The narrowband part of the bit-stream is
+as defined in table <A HREF="#cap:bits-narrowband">3</A>. The high-band follows,
+as described in table <A HREF="#cap:bits-wideband">5</A>. For wideband, the
+mode ID is the same as the Speex quality setting and is defined in
+table <A HREF="#tab:wideband-quality"><IMG ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1" ALT="[*]" SRC="crossref.png"></A>. This also means that a wideband
+frame may be correctly decoded by a narrowband decoder with the only
+caveat that if more than one frame is packed in the same packet, the
+decoder will need to skip the high-band parts in order to sync with
+the bit-stream.
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="966"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table 5:</STRONG>
+Bit allocation for high-band in wideband mode</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Parameter</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Update rate</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Wideband bit</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Mode ID</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">LSP</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Excitation gain</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Excitation VQ</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">sub-frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">20</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">40</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">80</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Total</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">36</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">112</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">192</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">352</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="967"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table:</STRONG>
+Quality versus bit-rate for the wideband encoder</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Mode/Quality</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Bit-rate<A NAME="747"></A> (bps)</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Quality/description</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">3,950</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Barely intelligible (mostly for comfort noise)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">5,750</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Very noticeable artifacts/noise, poor intelligibility</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7,750</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Very noticeable artifacts/noise, good intelligibility</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">9,800</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Artifacts/noise sometimes annoying</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">12,800</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Artifacts/noise usually noticeable</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">16,800</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Artifacts/noise sometimes noticeable</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">20,600</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Need good headphones to tell the difference</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">23,800</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Need good headphones to tell the difference</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">27,800</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Hard to tell the difference even with good headphones</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">9</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">34,400</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Hard to tell the difference even with good headphones</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">42,400</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Completely transparent for voice, good quality music</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
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+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html374"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html376"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node12.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node12.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node12.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
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+ HREF="node13.html">Sample code</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html390"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html384"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html392"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html394"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html397"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001201000000000000000">Vorbis is open-source and patent-free;
+why do we need Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html398"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001202000000000000000">Isn't there an open-source implementation of the GSM-FR codec? Why
+is Speex necessary?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html399"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001203000000000000000">Under what license is Speex released?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html400"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001204000000000000000">Am I allowed to use Speex in commercial software?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html401"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001205000000000000000">Ogg, Speex, Vorbis, what's the difference?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html402"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001206000000000000000">What's the extension for Speex?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html403"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001207000000000000000">Can I use Speex for compressing music?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html404"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001208000000000000000">I converted some MP3s to Speex and the quality is bad. What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html405"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION001209000000000000000">Does Speex run on Windows?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html406"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012010000000000000000">Why is encoding so slow compared to decoding?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html407"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012011000000000000000">Why is Speex so slow on my iPaq (or insert any platform without an
+FPU)?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html408"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012012000000000000000">I'm getting unusual background noise (hiss) when using libspeex in
+my application. How do I fix that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html409"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012013000000000000000">I get very distorted speech when using libspeex in my application.
+What's wrong?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html410"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012014000000000000000">How does Speex compare to other proprietary codecs?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html411"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012015000000000000000">Can Speex pass DTMF?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html412"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012016000000000000000">Can Speex pass V.9x modem signals correctly?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html413"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012017000000000000000">What is your (Jean-Marc) relationship with the University of Sherbrooke
+and how does Speex fit into that?</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html414"
+ HREF="node12.html#SECTION0012018000000000000000">CELP, ACELP, what's the difference?</A>
+</UL></UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001200000000000000000">
+FAQ</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001201000000000000000"></A><A NAME="753"></A><A NAME="754"></A>
+<BR>
+Vorbis is open-source and patent-free;
+why do we need Speex?
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Vorbis is a great project but its goals are not the same as Speex.
+Vorbis is mostly aimed at compressing music and audio in general,
+while Speex targets speech only. For that reason Speex can achieve
+much better results than Vorbis on speech, typically 2-4 times higher
+compression at equal quality.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001202000000000000000">
+Isn't there an open-source implementation of the GSM-FR codec? Why
+is Speex necessary?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+First of all, it's not clear whether GSM-FR is covered by a Philips
+patent (see http://kbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~jutta/toast.html).
+Also, GSM-FR offers mediocre quality at a relatively high bit-rate,
+while Speex can offer equivalent quality at almost half the bit-rate.
+Last but not least, Speex offers a wide range of bit-rates and sampling
+rates, while GSM-FR is limited to 8 kHz speech at 13 kbps.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001203000000000000000">
+Under what license is Speex released?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+As of version 1.0 beta 1, Speex is released under Xiph's version of
+the (revised) BSD license (see Appendix <A HREF="node15.html#sec:Speex-License">D</A>).
+This license is one of the most permissive open-source licenses.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001204000000000000000">
+Am I allowed to use Speex in commercial software?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Yes. As long as you comply with the license. This basically means
+you have to keep the copyright notice and you can't use our name to
+promote your product without authorization. For more details, see
+license in Appendix <A HREF="node15.html#sec:Speex-License">D</A>.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001205000000000000000"></A><A NAME="761"></A><A NAME="762"></A>
+<BR>
+Ogg, Speex, Vorbis, what's the difference?
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Ogg is a container format for holding multimedia data. Vorbis is an
+audio codec that uses Ogg to store its bit-streams as files, hence
+the name Ogg Vorbis. Speex also uses the Ogg format to store its bit-streams
+as files, so technically they would be ``Ogg Speex'' files (I
+prefer to call them just Speex files). One difference with Vorbis
+however, is that Speex is less tied with Ogg. Actually, if you just
+do Voice over IP (VoIP), you don't need Ogg at all.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001206000000000000000">
+What's the extension for Speex?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Speex files have the .spx extension. Note, however that the Speex
+tools (speexenc, speexdec) do not rely on the extension at all, so
+any extension will work.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001207000000000000000"></A><A NAME="765"></A>
+<BR>
+Can I use Speex for compressing music?
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Just like Vorbis is not really adapted to speech, Speex is really
+not adapted for music. In most cases, you'll be better of with Vorbis
+when it comes to music.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001208000000000000000">
+I converted some MP3s to Speex and the quality is bad. What's wrong?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+This is called transcoding and it will always result in much poorer
+quality than the original MP3. Unless you have a really good (size)
+reason to do so, never transcode speech. This is even valid for self
+transcoding (tandeming), i.e. If you decode a Speex file and re-encode
+it again at the same bit-rate, you will lose quality.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001209000000000000000">
+Does Speex run on Windows?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Compilation on Windows has been supported since version 0.8.0. There
+are also several front-ends available from the website.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012010000000000000000">
+Why is encoding so slow compared to decoding?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+For most kinds of compression, encoding is inherently slower than
+decoding. In the case of Speex, encoding consists of finding, for
+each vector of 5 to 10 samples, the entry that matches the best within
+a codebook consisting of 16 to 256 entries. On the other hand, at
+decoding all that needs to be done is look up the right entry in the
+codebook using the encoded index. Since a lookup is much faster than
+a search, the decoder works much faster than the encoder.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012011000000000000000">
+Why is Speex so slow on my iPaq (or insert any platform without an
+FPU)?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+You probably didn't build Speex with the fixed-point option (-enable-fixed-point).
+Even if you did, not all modes have been ported to use fixed-point
+arithmetic, so the code may be slowed down by a few float operations
+left (e.g. in the wideband mode).
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012012000000000000000">
+I'm getting unusual background noise (hiss) when using libspeex in
+my application. How do I fix that?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+One of the causes could be scaling of the input speech. Speex expects
+signals to have a <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="36" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img71.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm2^{15}$"></SPAN>
+ (signed short) dynamic range. If the
+dynamic range of your signals is too small (e.g. <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img72.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm1.0$"></SPAN>
+), you will
+suffer important quantization noise. A good target is to have a dynamic
+range around <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img73.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm8000$"></SPAN>
+ which is large enough, but small enough to
+make sure there's no clipping when converting back to signed short.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012013000000000000000">
+I get very distorted speech when using libspeex in my application.
+What's wrong?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+There are many possible causes for that. One of them is errors in
+the way the bits are manipulated. Another possible cause is the use
+of the same encoder or decoder state for more than one audio stream
+(channel), which produces strange effects with the filter memories.
+If the input speech has an amplitude close to <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="36" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img71.png"
+ ALT="$ \pm2^{15}$"></SPAN>
+, it is
+possible that at decoding, the amplitude be a bit higher than that,
+causing clipping when saving as 16-bit PCM.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012014000000000000000">
+How does Speex compare to other proprietary codecs?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+It's hard to give precise figures since no formal listening tests
+have been performed yet. All I can say is that in terms of quality,
+Speex competes on the same ground as other proprietary codecs (not
+necessarily the best, but not the worst either). Speex also has many
+features that are not present in most other codecs. These include
+variable bit-rate (VBR), integration of narrowband and wideband, as
+well as stereo support. Of course, another area where Speex is really
+hard to beat is the quality/price ratio. Unlike many very expensive
+codecs, Speex is free and anyone may distribute or modify it at will.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012015000000000000000"></A><A NAME="775"></A>
+<BR>
+Can Speex pass DTMF?
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+I guess it all depends on the bit-rate used. Though no formal testing
+has yet been performed, I'd say is correctly at 8 kbps and above.
+Also, make sure you don't use the lowest complexity (see SPEEX_SET_COMPLEXITY
+or -comp option), as it causes significant noise.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012016000000000000000">
+Can Speex pass V.9x modem signals correctly?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+If I could do that I'd be very rich by now :-) Seriously, that would
+break fundamental laws of information theory.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012017000000000000000">
+What is your (Jean-Marc) relationship with the University of Sherbrooke
+and how does Speex fit into that?</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+I have completed my <SPAN CLASS="textit">Ph.D.</SPAN> at the University of Sherbrooke in
+2005 in mobile robotics. Although I did my master with the Sherbrooke
+speech coding group (in speech enhancement, not coding), was no longer
+associated with them when developing Speex. It should <SPAN CLASS="textbf">not</SPAN>
+be understood that they or the University of Sherbrooke have anything
+to do with the Speex project. Furthermore, Speex does not make use
+of any code or proprietary technology developed in the Sherbrooke
+speech coding group.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION0012018000000000000000"></A><A NAME="780"></A>
+<BR>
+CELP, ACELP, what's the difference?
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+CELP stands for ``Code Excited Linear Prediction'', while ACELP
+stands for ``<SPAN CLASS="textit">Algebraic</SPAN> Code Excited Linear Prediction''.
+That means ACELP is a CELP technique that uses an algebraic codebook
+represented as a sum of unit pulses, thus making the codebook search
+much more efficient. This technique was invented at the University
+of Sherbrooke and is now one of the most widely used form of CELP.
+Unfortunately, since it is patented, it cannot be used in Speex.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html395"
+ HREF="node13.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
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+ HREF="node1.html">
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+<A NAME="tex2html393"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html396"
+ HREF="node13.html">Sample code</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html390"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html384"
+ HREF="node11.html">Speex wideband mode (sub-band</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html392"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html394"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node13.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node13.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node13.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
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+<TITLE>Sample code</TITLE>
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+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
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+ HREF="node12.html">FAQ</A>
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+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
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+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html429"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001310000000000000000">sampleenc.c</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html430"
+ HREF="node13.html#SECTION001320000000000000000">sampledec.c</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001300000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Sample-code"></A>
+<BR>
+Sample code
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This section shows sample code for encoding and decoding speech using
+the Speex API. The commands can be used to encode and decode a file
+by calling:
+<BR><TT>% sampleenc in_file.sw | sampledec out_file.sw</TT>
+<BR>
+where both files are raw (no header) files encoded at 16 bits per
+sample (in the machine natural endianness).
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001310000000000000000">
+sampleenc.c</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+sampleenc takes a raw 16 bits/sample file, encodes it and outputs
+a Speex stream to stdout. Note that the packing used is NOT compatible
+with that of speexenc/speexdec.
+
+<P>
+<BR>
+<PRE CLASS="verbatim">#include <speex/speex.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/*The frame size in hardcoded for this sample code but it doesn't have to be*/
+#define FRAME_SIZE 160
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ char *inFile;
+ FILE *fin;
+ short in[FRAME_SIZE];
+ float input[FRAME_SIZE];
+ char cbits[200];
+ int nbBytes;
+ /*Holds the state of the encoder*/
+ void *state;
+ /*Holds bits so they can be read and written to by the Speex routines*/
+ SpeexBits bits;
+ int i, tmp;
+
+ /*Create a new encoder state in narrowband mode*/
+ state = speex_encoder_init(&speex_nb_mode);
+
+ /*Set the quality to 8 (15 kbps)*/
+ tmp=8;
+ speex_encoder_ctl(state, SPEEX_SET_QUALITY, &tmp);
+
+ inFile = argv[1];
+ fin = fopen(inFile, "r");
+
+ /*Initialization of the structure that holds the bits*/
+ speex_bits_init(&bits);
+ while (1)
+ {
+ /*Read a 16 bits/sample audio frame*/
+ fread(in, sizeof(short), FRAME_SIZE, fin);
+ if (feof(fin))
+ break;
+ /*Copy the 16 bits values to float so Speex can work on them*/
+ for (i=0;i<FRAME_SIZE;i++)
+ input[i]=in[i];
+
+ /*Flush all the bits in the struct so we can encode a new frame*/
+ speex_bits_reset(&bits);
+
+ /*Encode the frame*/
+ speex_encode(state, input, &bits);
+ /*Copy the bits to an array of char that can be written*/
+ nbBytes = speex_bits_write(&bits, cbits, 200);
+
+ /*Write the size of the frame first. This is what sampledec expects but
+ it's likely to be different in your own application*/
+ fwrite(&nbBytes, sizeof(int), 1, stdout);
+ /*Write the compressed data*/
+ fwrite(cbits, 1, nbBytes, stdout);
+
+ }
+
+ /*Destroy the encoder state*/
+ speex_encoder_destroy(state);
+ /*Destroy the bit-packing struct*/
+ speex_bits_destroy(&bits);
+ fclose(fin);
+ return 0;
+}
+</PRE>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001320000000000000000">
+sampledec.c</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+sampledec reads a Speex stream from stdin, decodes it and outputs
+it to a raw 16 bits/sample file. Note that the packing used is NOT
+compatible with that of speexenc/speexdec.
+
+<P>
+<BR>
+<PRE CLASS="verbatim">#include <speex/speex.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/*The frame size in hardcoded for this sample code but it doesn't have to be*/
+#define FRAME_SIZE 160
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ char *outFile;
+ FILE *fout;
+ /*Holds the audio that will be written to file (16 bits per sample)*/
+ short out[FRAME_SIZE];
+ /*Speex handle samples as float, so we need an array of floats*/
+ float output[FRAME_SIZE];
+ char cbits[200];
+ int nbBytes;
+ /*Holds the state of the decoder*/
+ void *state;
+ /*Holds bits so they can be read and written to by the Speex routines*/
+ SpeexBits bits;
+ int i, tmp;
+
+ /*Create a new decoder state in narrowband mode*/
+ state = speex_decoder_init(&speex_nb_mode);
+
+ /*Set the perceptual enhancement on*/
+ tmp=1;
+ speex_decoder_ctl(state, SPEEX_SET_ENH, &tmp);
+
+ outFile = argv[1];
+ fout = fopen(outFile, "w");
+
+ /*Initialization of the structure that holds the bits*/
+ speex_bits_init(&bits);
+ while (1)
+ {
+ /*Read the size encoded by sampleenc, this part will likely be
+ different in your application*/
+ fread(&nbBytes, sizeof(int), 1, stdin);
+ fprintf (stderr, "nbBytes: %d\n", nbBytes);
+ if (feof(stdin))
+ break;
+
+ /*Read the "packet" encoded by sampleenc*/
+ fread(cbits, 1, nbBytes, stdin);
+ /*Copy the data into the bit-stream struct*/
+ speex_bits_read_from(&bits, cbits, nbBytes);
+
+ /*Decode the data*/
+ speex_decode(state, &bits, output);
+
+ /*Copy from float to short (16 bits) for output*/
+ for (i=0;i<FRAME_SIZE;i++)
+ out[i]=output[i];
+
+ /*Write the decoded audio to file*/
+ fwrite(out, sizeof(short), FRAME_SIZE, fout);
+ }
+
+ /*Destroy the decoder state*/
+ speex_decoder_destroy(state);
+ /*Destroy the bit-stream truct*/
+ speex_bits_destroy(&bits);
+ fclose(fout);
+ return 0;
+}
+</PRE>
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node14.html
===================================================================
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@@ -0,0 +1,1086 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001400000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:IETF-draft"></A>
+<BR>
+IETF RTP Profile
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+<BR>
+<PRE CLASS="verbatim">
+
+
+AVT G. Herlein
+Internet-Draft
+Intended status: Standards Track J. Valin
+Expires: October 24, 2007 University of Sherbrooke
+ A. Heggestad
+ April 22, 2007
+
+
+ RTP Payload Format for the Speex Codec
+ draft-ietf-avt-rtp-speex-01 (non-final)
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+ By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
+ applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
+ have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
+ aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
+ Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
+ other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
+ Drafts.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
+ and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
+ time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
+ material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
+
+ The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
+ http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
+
+ The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
+ http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
+
+ This Internet-Draft will expire on October 24, 2007.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 1]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+Abstract
+
+ Speex is an open-source voice codec suitable for use in Voice over IP
+ (VoIP) type applications. This document describes the payload format
+ for Speex generated bit streams within an RTP packet. Also included
+ here are the necessary details for the use of Speex with the Session
+ Description Protocol (SDP).
+
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+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 2]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+Editors Note
+
+ All references to RFC XXXX are to be replaced by references to the
+ RFC number of this memo, when published.
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 3. RTP usage for Speex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3.1. RTP Speex Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3.2. RTP payload format for Speex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3.3. Speex payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3.4. Example Speex packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 3.5. Multiple Speex frames in a RTP packet . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.1. Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.1.1. Registration of media type audio/speex . . . . . . . . 9
+ 5. SDP usage of Speex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
+ 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
+ Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 18
+
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+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 3]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+1. Introduction
+
+ Speex is based on the CELP [CELP] encoding technique with support for
+ either narrowband (nominal 8kHz), wideband (nominal 16kHz) or ultra-
+ wideband (nominal 32kHz). The main characteristics can be summarized
+ as follows:
+
+ o Free software/open-source
+
+ o Integration of wideband and narrowband in the same bit-stream
+
+ o Wide range of bit-rates available
+
+ o Dynamic bit-rate switching and variable bit-rate (VBR)
+
+ o Voice Activity Detection (VAD, integrated with VBR)
+
+ o Variable complexity
+
+ To be compliant with this specification, implementations MUST support
+ 8 kHz sampling rate (narrowband)" and SHOULD support 8 kbps bitrate.
+ The sampling rate MUST be 8, 16 or 32 kHz.
+
+
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+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 4]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+2. Terminology
+
+ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119] and
+ indicate requirement levels for compliant RTP implementations.
+
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+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 5]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+3. RTP usage for Speex
+
+3.1. RTP Speex Header Fields
+
+ The RTP header is defined in the RTP specification [RFC3550]. This
+ section defines how fields in the RTP header are used.
+
+ Payload Type (PT): The assignment of an RTP payload type for this
+ packet format is outside the scope of this document; it is
+ specified by the RTP profile under which this payload format is
+ used, or signaled dynamically out-of-band (e.g., using SDP).
+
+ Marker (M) bit: The M bit is set to one to indicate that the RTP
+ packet payload contains at least one complete frame
+
+ Extension (X) bit: Defined by the RTP profile used.
+
+ Timestamp: A 32-bit word that corresponds to the sampling instant
+ for the first frame in the RTP packet.
+
+3.2. RTP payload format for Speex
+
+ The RTP payload for Speex has the format shown in Figure 1. No
+ additional header fields specific to this payload format are
+ required. For RTP based transportation of Speex encoded audio the
+ standard RTP header [RFC3550] is followed by one or more payload data
+ blocks. An optional padding terminator may also be used.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | RTP Header |
+ +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
+ | one or more frames of Speex .... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | one or more frames of Speex .... | padding |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 1: RTP payload for Speex
+
+3.3. Speex payload
+
+ For the purposes of packetizing the bit stream in RTP, it is only
+ necessary to consider the sequence of bits as output by the Speex
+ encoder [speexenc], and present the same sequence to the decoder.
+ The payload format described here maintains this sequence.
+
+ A typical Speex frame, encoded at the maximum bitrate, is approx. 110
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 6]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+ octets and the total number of Speex frames SHOULD be kept less than
+ the path MTU to prevent fragmentation. Speex frames MUST NOT be
+ fragmented across multiple RTP packets,
+
+ An RTP packet MAY contain Speex frames of the same bit rate or of
+ varying bit rates, since the bit-rate for a frame is conveyed in band
+ with the signal.
+
+ The encoding and decoding algorithm can change the bit rate at any 20
+ msec frame boundary, with the bit rate change notification provided
+ in-band with the bit stream. Each frame contains both "mode"
+ (narrowband, wideband or ultra-wideband) and "sub-mode" (bit-rate)
+ information in the bit stream. No out-of-band notification is
+ required for the decoder to process changes in the bit rate sent by
+ the encoder.
+
+ Sampling rate values of 8000, 16000 or 32000 Hz MUST be used. Any
+ other sampling rates MUST NOT be used.
+
+ The RTP payload MUST be padded to provide an integer number of octets
+ as the payload length. These padding bits are LSB aligned in network
+ octet order and consist of a 0 followed by all ones (until the end of
+ the octet). This padding is only required for the last frame in the
+ packet, and only to ensure the packet contents ends on an octet
+ boundary.
+
+3.4. Example Speex packet
+
+ In the example below we have a single Speex frame with 5 bits of
+ padding to ensure the packet size falls on an octet boundary.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | RTP Header |
+ +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
+ | ..speex data.. |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | ..speex data.. |0 1 1 1 1|
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+3.5. Multiple Speex frames in a RTP packet
+
+ Below is an example of two Speex frames contained within one RTP
+ packet. The Speex frame length in this example fall on an octet
+ boundary so there is no padding.
+
+ Speex codecs [speexenc] are able to detect the bitrate from the
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 7]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+ payload and are responsible for detecting the 20 msec boundaries
+ between each frame.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | RTP Header |
+ +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
+ | ..speex frame 1.. |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | ..speex frame 1.. | ..speex frame 2.. |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | ..speex frame 2.. |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
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+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 8]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+4. IANA Considerations
+
+ This document defines the Speex media type.
+
+4.1. Media Type Registration
+
+ This section describes the media types and names associated with this
+ payload format. The section registers the media types, as per
+ RFC4288 [RFC4288]
+
+4.1.1. Registration of media type audio/speex
+
+ Media type name: audio
+
+ Media subtype name: speex
+
+ Required parameters:
+
+ None
+
+ Optional parameters:
+
+ ptime: see RFC 4566. SHOULD be a multiple of 20 msec.
+
+ maxptime: see RFC 4566. SHOULD be a multiple of 20 msec.
+
+ Encoding considerations:
+
+ This media type is framed and binary, see section 4.8 in
+ [RFC4288].
+
+ Security considerations: See Section 6
+
+ Interoperability considerations:
+
+ None.
+
+ Published specification: RFC XXXX [This RFC].
+
+ Applications which use this media type:
+
+ Audio streaming and conferencing applications.
+
+ Additional information: none
+
+ Person and email address to contact for further information :
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 9]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+ Alfred E. Heggestad: aeh at db.org
+
+ Intended usage: COMMON
+
+ Restrictions on usage:
+
+ This media type depends on RTP framing, and hence is only defined
+ for transfer via RTP [RFC3550]. Transport within other framing
+ protocols is not defined at this time.
+
+ Author: Alfred E. Heggestad
+
+ Change controller:
+
+ IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 10]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+5. SDP usage of Speex
+
+ When conveying information by SDP [RFC4566], the encoding name MUST
+ be set to "speex". An example of the media representation in SDP for
+ offering a single channel of Speex at 8000 samples per second might
+ be:
+
+ m=audio 8088 RTP/AVP 97
+ a=rtpmap:97 speex/8000
+
+ Note that the RTP payload type code of 97 is defined in this media
+ definition to be 'mapped' to the speex codec at an 8kHz sampling
+ frequency using the 'a=rtpmap' line. Any number from 96 to 127 could
+ have been chosen (the allowed range for dynamic types).
+
+ The value of the sampling frequency is typically 8000 for narrow band
+ operation, 16000 for wide band operation, and 32000 for ultra-wide
+ band operation.
+
+ If for some reason the offerer has bandwidth limitations, the client
+ may use the "b=" header, as explained in SDP [RFC4566]. The
+ following example illustrates the case where the offerer cannot
+ receive more than 10 kbit/s.
+
+ m=audio 8088 RTP/AVP 97
+ b=AS:10
+ a=rtmap:97 speex/8000
+
+ In this case, if the remote part agrees, it should configure its
+ Speex encoder so that it does not use modes that produce more than 10
+ kbit/s. Note that the "b=" constraint also applies on all payload
+ types that may be proposed in the media line ("m=").
+
+ An other way to make recommendations to the remote Speex encoder is
+ to use its specific parameters via the a=fmtp: directive. The
+ following parameters are defined for use in this way:
+
+ ptime: duration of each packet in milliseconds.
+
+
+ sr: actual sample rate in Hz.
+
+
+ ebw: encoding bandwidth - either 'narrow' or 'wide' or 'ultra'
+ (corresponds to nominal 8000, 16000, and 32000 Hz sampling rates).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 11]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+ vbr: variable bit rate - either 'on' 'off' or 'vad' (defaults to
+ off). If on, variable bit rate is enabled. If off, disabled. If
+ set to 'vad' then constant bit rate is used but silence will be
+ encoded with special short frames to indicate a lack of voice for
+ that period.
+
+
+ cng: comfort noise generation - either 'on' or 'off'. If off then
+ silence frames will be silent; if 'on' then those frames will be
+ filled with comfort noise.
+
+
+ mode: Speex encoding mode. Can be {1,2,3,4,5,6,any} defaults to 3
+ in narrowband, 6 in wide and ultra-wide.
+
+
+ Examples:
+
+ m=audio 8008 RTP/AVP 97
+ a=rtpmap:97 speex/8000
+ a=fmtp:97 mode=4
+
+ This examples illustrate an offerer that wishes to receive a Speex
+ stream at 8000Hz, but only using speex mode 4.
+
+ Several Speex specific parameters can be given in a single a=fmtp
+ line provided that they are separated by a semi-colon:
+
+ a=fmtp:97 mode=any;mode=1
+
+ The offerer may indicate that it wishes to send variable bit rate
+ frames with comfort noise:
+
+ m=audio 8088 RTP/AVP 97
+ a=rtmap:97 speex/8000
+ a=fmtp:97 vbr=on;cng=on
+
+ The "ptime" attribute is used to denote the packetization interval
+ (ie, how many milliseconds of audio is encoded in a single RTP
+ packet). Since Speex uses 20 msec frames, ptime values of multiples
+ of 20 denote multiple Speex frames per packet. Values of ptime which
+ are not multiples of 20 MUST be ignored and clients MUST use the
+ default value of 20 instead.
+
+ Implementations SHOULD support ptime of 20 msec (i.e. one frame per
+ packet)
+
+ In the example below the ptime value is set to 40, indicating that
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 12]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+ there are 2 frames in each packet.
+
+ m=audio 8008 RTP/AVP 97
+ a=rtpmap:97 speex/8000
+ a=ptime:40
+
+ Note that the ptime parameter applies to all payloads listed in the
+ media line and is not used as part of an a=fmtp directive.
+
+ Values of ptime not multiple of 20 msec are meaningless, so the
+ receiver of such ptime values MUST ignore them. If during the life
+ of an RTP session the ptime value changes, when there are multiple
+ Speex frames for example, the SDP value must also reflect the new
+ value.
+
+ Care must be taken when setting the value of ptime so that the RTP
+ packet size does not exceed the path MTU.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 13]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+6. Security Considerations
+
+ RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification
+ are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP
+ specification [RFC3550], and any appropriate RTP profile. This
+ implies that confidentiality of the media streams is achieved by
+ encryption. Because the data compression used with this payload
+ format is applied end-to-end, encryption may be performed after
+ compression so there is no conflict between the two operations.
+
+ A potential denial-of-service threat exists for data encodings using
+ compression techniques that have non-uniform receiver-end
+ computational load. The attacker can inject pathological datagrams
+ into the stream which are complex to decode and cause the receiver to
+ be overloaded. However, this encoding does not exhibit any
+ significant non-uniformity.
+
+ As with any IP-based protocol, in some circumstances a receiver may
+ be overloaded simply by the receipt of too many packets, either
+ desired or undesired. Network-layer authentication may be used to
+ discard packets from undesired sources, but the processing cost of
+ the authentication itself may be too high.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 14]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+7. Acknowledgements
+
+ The authors would like to thank Equivalence Pty Ltd of Australia for
+ their assistance in attempting to standardize the use of Speex in
+ H.323 applications, and for implementing Speex in their open source
+ OpenH323 stack. The authors would also like to thank Brian C. Wiles
+ <brian at streamcomm.com> of StreamComm for his assistance in developing
+ the proposed standard for Speex use in H.323 applications.
+
+ The authors would also like to thank the following members of the
+ Speex and AVT communities for their input: Ross Finlayson, Federico
+ Montesino Pouzols, Henning Schulzrinne, Magnus Westerlund.
+
+ Thanks to former authors of this document; Simon Morlat, Roger
+ Hardiman, Phil Kerr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 15]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+8. References
+
+8.1. Normative References
+
+ [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+ Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
+
+ [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
+ Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
+ Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
+
+ [RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
+ Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
+
+8.2. Informative References
+
+ [CELP] "CELP, U.S. Federal Standard 1016.", National Technical
+ Information Service (NTIS) website http://www.ntis.gov/.
+
+ [RFC4288] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
+ Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 4288, December 2005.
+
+ [speexenc]
+ Valin, J., "Speexenc/speexdec, reference command-line
+ encoder/decoder", Speex website http://www.speex.org/.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 16]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+Authors' Addresses
+
+ Greg Herlein
+ 2034 Filbert Street
+ San Francisco, California 94123
+ United States
+
+ Email: gherlein at herlein.com
+
+
+ Jean-Marc Valin
+ University of Sherbrooke
+ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
+ University of Sherbrooke
+ 2500 blvd Universite
+ Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1
+ Canada
+
+ Email: jean-marc.valin at usherbrooke.ca
+
+
+ Alfred E. Heggestad
+ Biskop J. Nilssonsgt. 20a
+ Oslo 0659
+ Norway
+
+ Email: aeh at db.org
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 17]
+
+Internet-Draft Speex April 2007
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
+ ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+ INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
+ INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+
+Intellectual Property
+
+ The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
+ Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
+ pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
+ this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
+ might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
+ made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
+ on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
+ found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
+
+ Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
+ assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
+ attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
+ such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
+ specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
+ http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
+
+ The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
+ copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
+ rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
+ this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
+ ietf-ipr at ietf.org.
+
+
+Acknowledgment
+
+ Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
+ Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
+
+
+
+
+
+Herlein, et al. Expires October 24, 2007 [Page 18]
+</PRE>
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node15.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node15.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node15.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Speex License</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Speex License">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
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+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
+<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="manual.css">
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+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node16.html">
+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node14.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node16.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html457"
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+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
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+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html445"
+ HREF="node14.html">
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+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html446"
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+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001500000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Speex-License"></A>
+<BR>
+Speex License
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+</LI>
+<LI>Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+</LI>
+<LI>Neither the name of the Xiph.org Foundation nor the names of its contributors
+may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+without specific prior written permission.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION
+OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
+OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
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+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node16.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node16.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node16.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>GNU Free Documentation License</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="GNU Free Documentation License">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
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+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
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+</HEAD>
+
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+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html471"
+ HREF="node17.html">
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+ HREF="manual.html">
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html472"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html466"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html460"
+ HREF="node15.html">Speex License</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html468"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html470"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html473"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001610000000000000000">0. PREAMBLE</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html474"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001620000000000000000">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html475"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001630000000000000000">2. VERBATIM COPYING</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html476"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001640000000000000000">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html477"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001650000000000000000">4. MODIFICATIONS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html478"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001660000000000000000">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html479"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001670000000000000000">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html480"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001680000000000000000">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html481"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION001690000000000000000">8. TRANSLATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html482"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016100000000000000000">9. TERMINATION</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html483"
+ HREF="node16.html#SECTION0016110000000000000000">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001600000000000000000">
+GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Version 1.1, March 2000
+
+<P>
+Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
+Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
+and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing
+it is not allowed.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001610000000000000000">
+0. PREAMBLE</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+written document "free" in the sense of freedom:
+to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute
+it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a
+way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+
+<P>
+This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means
+that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
+same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is
+a copyleft license designed for free software.
+
+<P>
+We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
+should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
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+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001620000000000000000">
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+2. VERBATIM COPYING</A>
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+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001650000000000000000">
+4. MODIFICATIONS</A>
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+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001660000000000000000">
+5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A>
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+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001670000000000000000">
+6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A>
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+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001680000000000000000">
+7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A>
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+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001690000000000000000">
+8. TRANSLATION</A>
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+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION0016100000000000000000">
+9. TERMINATION</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
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+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION0016110000000000000000">
+10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
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+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node17.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node17.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node17.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
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+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<BR>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION001700000000000000000">
+Index</A>
+</H2><DL COMPACT>
+<DT><STRONG>ACELP</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node12.html#780">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>acoustic echo cancellation</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#308">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>algorithmic delay</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#98">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>analysis-by-synthesis</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#619">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>API</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#215">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>auto-correlation</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#602">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>average bit-rate</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#91">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#433">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>bit-rate</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node10.html#701">Bit allocation</A>
+ | <A HREF="node11.html#747">Bit allocation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>CELP</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node3.html#46">Introduction to Speex</A>
+ | <A HREF="node9.html#533">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>complexity</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#85">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node4.html#108">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node10.html#702">Bit allocation</A>
+ | <A HREF="node10.html#696">Bit allocation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>constant bit-rate</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#84">Quality (variable)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>discontinuous transmission</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#94">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#430">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>DTMF</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#88">Complexity (variable)</A>
+ | <A HREF="node12.html#775">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>echo cancellation</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#307">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>error weighting</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#618">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>fixed-point</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node5.html#136">Compiling</A>
+ | <A HREF="node5.html#140">Compiling</A>
+<DT><STRONG>in-band signalling</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#482">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>Levinson-Durbin</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#606">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>libspeex</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node3.html#57">About this document</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#214">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>line spectral pair</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node10.html#652">Whole-Frame Analysis</A>
+<DT><STRONG>linear prediction</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#562">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node10.html#649">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>mean opinion score</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node10.html#694">Bit allocation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>music</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node12.html#765">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>narrowband</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#69">Sampling rate</A>
+ | <A HREF="node4.html#104">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node10.html#644">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>Ogg</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node8.html#506">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node12.html#761">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>open-source</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#102">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node12.html#753">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>patent</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#103">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node12.html#754">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>perceptual enhancement</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#95">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#402">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+ | <A HREF="node10.html#707">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>pitch</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node9.html#611">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>preprocessor</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#289">Preprocessor</A>
+<DT><STRONG>quadrature mirror filter</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node11.html#725">Speex wideband mode (sub-band</A>
+<DT><STRONG>quality</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#83">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>RTP</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node8.html#501">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>sampling rate</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#65">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>speexdec</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node6.html#193">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>speexenc</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node6.html#156">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>standards</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node8.html#497">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>tail length</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node7.html#317">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<DT><STRONG>ultra-wideband</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#71">Sampling rate</A>
+<DT><STRONG>variable bit-rate</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#89">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node4.html#106">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#416">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>voice activity detection</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#92">no title</A>
+ | <A HREF="node4.html#107">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node7.html#427">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<DT><STRONG>Vorbis</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node12.html#762">no title</A>
+<DT><STRONG>wideband</STRONG>
+<DD><A HREF="node4.html#70">Sampling rate</A>
+ | <A HREF="node4.html#105">Codec</A>
+ | <A HREF="node11.html#720">no title</A>
+
+</DL>
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node18.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node18.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node18.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>About this document ...</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="About this document ...">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
+
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2002-2-1">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
+<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="manual.css">
+
+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node17.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next_g.png">
+<A NAME="tex2html500"
+ HREF="manual.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html496"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html502"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html504"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html501"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html497"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html503"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html505"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION001800000000000000000">
+About this document ...</A>
+</H1>
+ <STRONG>The Speex Codec Manual
+<BR>
+Version 1.2 Beta 2</STRONG><P>
+This document was generated using the
+<A HREF="http://www.latex2html.org/"><STRONG>LaTeX</STRONG>2<tt>HTML</tt></A> translator Version 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+<P>
+Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
+Nikos Drakos,
+Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.
+<BR>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999,
+<A HREF="http://www.maths.mq.edu.au/~ross/">Ross Moore</A>,
+Mathematics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney.
+<P>
+The command line arguments were: <BR>
+ <STRONG>latex2html</STRONG> <TT>-split 3 -link 3 -notoc_stars -local_icons -antialias manual</TT>
+<P>
+The translation was initiated by Jean-Marc Valin on 2007-05-23
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node2.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node2.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node2.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>List of Tables</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="List of Tables">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
+
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2002-2-1">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
+<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="manual.css">
+
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node3.html">
+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node1.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node3.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html203"
+ HREF="node3.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html197"
+ HREF="manual.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html191"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html199"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html201"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html204"
+ HREF="node3.html">Introduction to Speex</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html198"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html192"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html200"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html202"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<BR>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00200000000000000000">
+List of Tables</A>
+</H2><OL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html3"
+ HREF="node7.html#937">In-band signalling codes</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html5"
+ HREF="node8.html#941">Ogg/Speex header packet</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html10"
+ HREF="node10.html#958">Bit allocation for narrowband modes</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html11"
+ HREF="node10.html#959">Quality versus bit-rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html12"
+ HREF="node11.html#966">Bit allocation for high-band in wideband mode</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html13"
+ HREF="node11.html#967">Quality versus bit-rate for the wideband encoder</A></OL>
+
+<P>
+<BR><HR>
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node3.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node3.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node3.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Introduction to Speex</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Introduction to Speex">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
+
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2002-2-1">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
+<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="manual.css">
+
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node4.html">
+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node2.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node4.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html217"
+ HREF="node4.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html211"
+ HREF="manual.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html205"
+ HREF="node2.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html213"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html215"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html218"
+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html212"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html206"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html214"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html216"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html219"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00310000000000000000">Getting help</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html220"
+ HREF="node3.html#SECTION00320000000000000000">About this document</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00300000000000000000">
+Introduction to Speex</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The Speex codec (<TT>http://www.speex.org/</TT>) exists because there
+is a need for a speech codec that is open-source and free from software
+patent royalties. These are essential conditions for being usable
+by any open-source software. In essence, Speex is to speech what Vorbis
+is to audio/music. Unlike many other speech codecs, Speex is not designed
+for mobile phones but rather for packet networks and voice over IP
+(VoIP) application. File-based compression is of course also supported.
+
+<P>
+The Speex codec is designed to be very flexible and support a wide
+range of speech quality and bit-rate. Support for very good quality
+speech also means that Speex can encode wideband speech (16 kHz sampling
+rate) in addition to narrowband speech (telephone quality, 8 kHz sampling
+rate).
+
+<P>
+Designing for VoIP instead of mobile phones means that Speex is robust
+to lost packets, but not to corrupted ones. This is based on the assumption
+that in VoIP, packets either arrive unaltered or don't arrive at all.
+Because Speex is targeted at a wide range of devices, it has modest
+complexity (variable) and memory footprint.
+
+<P>
+All the design goals led to the choice of CELP<A NAME="46"></A> as the
+encoding technique. One of the main reasons is that CELP has long
+proved that it could work reliably and scale well to both low bit-rates
+(e.g. DoD CELP @ 4.8 kbps) and high bit-rates (e.g. G.728 @ 16 kbps).
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00310000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Getting-help"></A>
+<BR>
+Getting help
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+As for many open source projects, there are many ways to get help
+with Speex. These include:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>This manual
+</LI>
+<LI>Other documentation on the Speex website (http://www.speex.org/)
+</LI>
+<LI>Mailing list: Discuss any Speex-related topic on speex-dev at xiph.org
+(not just for developers)
+</LI>
+<LI>IRC: The main channel is #speex on irc.freenode.net. Note that due
+to time differences, it may take a while to get someone, so please
+be patient.
+</LI>
+<LI>Email the author privately at jean-marc.valin at usherbrooke.ca <SPAN CLASS="textbf">only</SPAN>
+for private/delicate topics you do not wish to discuss publically.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+Before asking for help (mailing list or IRC), <SPAN CLASS="textbf">it is important
+to first read this manual</SPAN>. It is generally considered rude to ask
+on a mailing list about topics that are clearly detailed in the documentation.
+On the other hand, it's perfectly OK (and encouraged) to ask for clarifications
+about something covered in the manual. This manual does not (yet)
+cover everything about Speex, so everyone is encouraged to ask questions,
+send comments, feature requests, or just let us know how Speex is
+being used.
+
+<P>
+Here are some additional guidelines related to the mailing list. Before
+reporting bugs in Speex to the list, it is strongly recommended (if
+possible) to first test whether these bugs can be reproduced using
+the speexenc and speexdec (see Section <A HREF="node6.html#sec:Command-line-encoder_decoder">4</A>)
+command-line utilities. Bugs reported based on 3rd party code are
+both harder to find and far too often caused by errors that have nothing
+to do with Speex.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00320000000000000000">
+About this document</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This document is divided in the following way. Section <A HREF="node4.html#sec:Feature-description">2</A>
+describes the different Speex features and defines many basic terms
+that are used throughout this manual. Section <A HREF="node6.html#sec:Command-line-encoder_decoder">4</A>
+documents the standard command-line tools provided in the Speex distribution.
+Section <A HREF="node7.html#sec:Programming-with-Speex">5</A> includes detailed instructions
+about programming using the libspeex<A NAME="57"></A> API. Section
+<A HREF="node8.html#sec:Formats-and-standards">6</A> has some information related to Speex
+and standards.
+
+<P>
+The three last sections describe the algorithms used in Speex. These
+sections require signal processing knowledge, but are not required
+for merely using Speex. They are intended for people who want to understand
+how Speex really works and/or want to do research based on Speex.
+Section <A HREF="node9.html#sec:Introduction-to-CELP">7</A> explains the general idea
+behind CELP, while sections <A HREF="node10.html#sec:Speex-narrowband-mode">8</A> and <A HREF="node11.html#sec:Speex-wideband-mode">9</A>
+are specific to Speex.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html217"
+ HREF="node4.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html211"
+ HREF="manual.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html205"
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+<A NAME="tex2html213"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html215"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html218"
+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html212"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html206"
+ HREF="node2.html">List of Tables</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html214"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html216"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node4.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node4.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node4.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Codec description</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Codec description">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
+<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
+
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2002-2-1">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
+
+<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="manual.css">
+
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node5.html">
+<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node3.html">
+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node5.html">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html233"
+ HREF="node5.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html227"
+ HREF="manual.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html221"
+ HREF="node3.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html229"
+ HREF="node1.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="contents" SRC="contents.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html231"
+ HREF="node17.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html234"
+ HREF="node5.html">Compiling</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html228"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html222"
+ HREF="node3.html">Introduction to Speex</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html230"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html232"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html235"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00410000000000000000">Concepts</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html236"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00411000000000000000">Sampling rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html237"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00412000000000000000">Bit-rate</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html238"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00413000000000000000">Quality (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html239"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00414000000000000000">Complexity (variable)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html240"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00415000000000000000">Variable Bit-Rate (VBR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html241"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00416000000000000000">Average Bit-Rate (ABR)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html242"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00417000000000000000">Voice Activity Detection (VAD)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html243"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00418000000000000000">Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html244"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00419000000000000000">Perceptual enhancement</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html245"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION004110000000000000000">Latency and algorithmic delay</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html246"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00420000000000000000">Codec</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html247"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00430000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html248"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00440000000000000000">Adaptive Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html249"
+ HREF="node4.html#SECTION00450000000000000000">Acoustic Echo Canceller</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00400000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Feature-description"></A>
+<BR>
+Codec description
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This section describes Speex and its features into more details.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00410000000000000000">
+Concepts</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Before introducing all the Speex features, here are some concepts
+in speech coding that help better understand the rest of the manual.
+Although some are general concepts in speech/audio processing, others
+are specific to Speex.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00411000000000000000"></A><A NAME="65"></A>
+<BR>
+Sampling rate
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The sampling rate expressed in Hertz (Hz) is the number of samples
+taken from a signal per second. For a sampling rate of <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="18" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img1.png"
+ ALT="$ F_{s}$"></SPAN>
+ kHz,
+the highest frequency that can be represented is equal to <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img2.png"
+ ALT="$ F_{s}/2$"></SPAN>
+
+kHz (<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img2.png"
+ ALT="$ F_{s}/2$"></SPAN>
+ is known as the Nyquist frequency). This is a fundamental
+property in signal processing and is described by the sampling theorem.
+Speex is mainly designed for three different sampling rates: 8 kHz,
+16 kHz, and 32 kHz. These are respectively refered to as narrowband<A NAME="69"></A>,
+wideband<A NAME="70"></A> and ultra-wideband<A NAME="71"></A>.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00412000000000000000">
+Bit-rate</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+When encoding a speech signal, the bit-rate is defined as the number
+of bits per unit of time required to encode the speech. It is measured
+in <SPAN CLASS="textit">bits per second</SPAN> (bps), or generally <SPAN CLASS="textit">kilobits per second</SPAN>.
+It is important to make the distinction between <SPAN CLASS="textit">kilo</SPAN><SPAN CLASS="textbf"><SPAN CLASS="textit">bits</SPAN></SPAN>
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">per second</SPAN> (k<SPAN CLASS="textbf">b</SPAN>ps) and <SPAN CLASS="textit">kilo</SPAN><SPAN CLASS="textbf"><SPAN CLASS="textit">bytes</SPAN></SPAN>
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">per second</SPAN> (k<SPAN CLASS="textbf">B</SPAN>ps).
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00413000000000000000"></A><A NAME="83"></A>
+<BR>
+Quality (variable)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Speex is a lossy codec, which means that it achives compression at
+the expense of fidelity of the input speech signal. Unlike some other
+speech codecs, it is possible to control the tradeoff made between
+quality and bit-rate. The Speex encoding process is controlled most
+of the time by a quality parameter that ranges from 0 to 10. In constant
+bit-rate<A NAME="84"></A> (CBR) operation, the quality parameter
+is an integer, while for variable bit-rate (VBR), the parameter is
+a float.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00414000000000000000"></A><A NAME="85"></A>
+<BR>
+Complexity (variable)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+With Speex, it is possible to vary the complexity allowed for the
+encoder. This is done by controlling how the search is performed with
+an integer ranging from 1 to 10 in a way that's similar to the -1
+to -9 options to <SPAN CLASS="textit">gzip</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">bzip2</SPAN> compression utilities.
+For normal use, the noise level at complexity 1 is between 1 and 2
+dB higher than at complexity 10, but the CPU requirements for complexity
+10 is about 5 times higher than for complexity 1. In practice, the
+best trade-off is between complexity 2 and 4, though higher settings
+are often useful when encoding non-speech sounds like DTMF<A NAME="88"></A>
+tones.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00415000000000000000"></A><A NAME="89"></A>
+<BR>
+Variable Bit-Rate (VBR)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Variable bit-rate (VBR) allows a codec to change its bit-rate dynamically
+to adapt to the ``difficulty'' of the audio being encoded. In
+the example of Speex, sounds like vowels and high-energy transients
+require a higher bit-rate to achieve good quality, while fricatives
+(e.g. s,f sounds) can be coded adequately with less bits. For this
+reason, VBR can achive lower bit-rate for the same quality, or a better
+quality for a certain bit-rate. Despite its advantages, VBR has two
+main drawbacks: first, by only specifying quality, there's no guaranty
+about the final average bit-rate. Second, for some real-time applications
+like voice over IP (VoIP), what counts is the maximum bit-rate, which
+must be low enough for the communication channel.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00416000000000000000"></A><A NAME="91"></A>
+<BR>
+Average Bit-Rate (ABR)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Average bit-rate solves one of the problems of VBR, as it dynamically
+adjusts VBR quality in order to meet a specific target bit-rate. Because
+the quality/bit-rate is adjusted in real-time (open-loop), the global
+quality will be slightly lower than that obtained by encoding in VBR
+with exactly the right quality setting to meet the target average
+bit-rate.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00417000000000000000"></A><A NAME="92"></A>
+<BR>
+Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+When enabled, voice activity detection detects whether the audio being
+encoded is speech or silence/background noise. VAD is always implicitly
+activated when encoding in VBR, so the option is only useful in non-VBR
+operation. In this case, Speex detects non-speech periods and encode
+them with just enough bits to reproduce the background noise. This
+is called ``comfort noise generation'' (CNG).
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00418000000000000000"></A><A NAME="94"></A>
+<BR>
+Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Discontinuous transmission is an addition to VAD/VBR operation, that
+allows to stop transmitting completely when the background noise is
+stationary. In file-based operation, since we cannot just stop writing
+to the file, only 5 bits are used for such frames (corresponding to
+250 bps).
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00419000000000000000"></A><A NAME="95"></A>
+<BR>
+Perceptual enhancement
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Perceptual enhancement is a part of the decoder which, when turned
+on, attempts to reduce the perception of the noise/distortion produced
+by the encoding/decoding process. In most cases, perceptual enhancement
+brings the sound further from the original <SPAN CLASS="textit">objectively</SPAN> (e.g.
+considering only SNR), but in the end it still <SPAN CLASS="textit">sounds</SPAN> better
+(subjective improvement).
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION004110000000000000000"></A><A NAME="98"></A>
+<BR>
+Latency and algorithmic delay
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Every speech codec introduces a delay in the transmission. For Speex,
+this delay is equal to the frame size, plus some amount of ``look-ahead''
+required to process each frame. In narrowband operation (8 kHz), the
+delay is 30 ms, while for wideband (16 kHz), the delay is 34 ms. These
+values don't account for the CPU time it takes to encode or decode
+the frames.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00420000000000000000">
+Codec</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The main characteristics of Speex can be summarized as follows:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Free software/open-source<A NAME="102"></A>, patent<A NAME="103"></A>
+and royalty-free
+</LI>
+<LI>Integration of narrowband<A NAME="104"></A> and wideband<A NAME="105"></A>
+using an embedded bit-stream
+</LI>
+<LI>Wide range of bit-rates available (from 2.15 kbps to 44 kbps)
+</LI>
+<LI>Dynamic bit-rate switching (AMR) and Variable Bit-Rate<A NAME="106"></A>
+(VBR) operation
+</LI>
+<LI>Voice Activity Detection<A NAME="107"></A> (VAD, integrated
+with VBR) and discontinuous transmission (DTX)
+</LI>
+<LI>Variable complexity<A NAME="108"></A>
+</LI>
+<LI>Embedded wideband structure (scalable sampling rate)
+</LI>
+<LI>Ultra-wideband mode at 32 kHz
+</LI>
+<LI>Intensity stereo encoding option
+</LI>
+<LI>Fixed-point implementation
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00430000000000000000">
+Preprocessor</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This part refers to the preprocessor module introduced in the 1.1.x
+branch. The preprocessor is designed to be used on the audio <SPAN CLASS="textit">before</SPAN>
+running the encoder. The preprocessor provides three main functionalities:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>noise suppression
+</LI>
+<LI>automatic gain control (AGC)
+</LI>
+<LI>voice activity detection (VAD)
+</LI>
+</UL>
+The denoiser can be used to reduce the amount of background noise
+present in the input signal. This provides higher quality speech whether
+or not the denoised signal is encoded with Speex (or at all). However,
+when using the denoised signal with the codec, there is an additional
+benefit. Speech codecs in general (Speex included) tend to perform
+poorly on noisy input, which tends to amplify the noise. The denoiser
+greatly reduces this effect.
+
+<P>
+Automatic gain control (AGC) is a feature that deals with the fact
+that the recording volume may vary by a large amount between different
+setups. The AGC provides a way to adjust a signal to a reference volume.
+This is useful for voice over IP because it removes the need for manual
+adjustment of the microphone gain. A secondary advantage is that by
+setting the microphone gain to a conservative (low) level, it is easier
+to avoid clipping.
+
+<P>
+The voice activity detector (VAD) provided by the preprocessor is
+more advanced than the one directly provided in the codec.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00440000000000000000">
+Adaptive Jitter Buffer</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+When transmitting voice (or any content for that matter) over UDP
+or RTP, packet may be lost, arrive with different delay, or even out
+of order. The purpose of a jitter buffer is to reorder packets and
+buffer them long enough (but no longer than necessary) so they can
+be sent to be decoded.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00450000000000000000">
+Acoustic Echo Canceller</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+In any hands-free communication system (Fig. <A HREF="#fig:Acoustic-echo-model"><IMG ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1" ALT="[*]" SRC="crossref.png"></A>),
+speech from the remote end is played in the local loudspeaker, propagates
+in the room and is captured by the microphone. If the audio captured
+from the microphone is sent directly to the remote end, then the remove
+user hears an echo of his voice. An acoustic echo canceller is designed
+to remove the acoustic echo before it is sent to the remote end. It
+is important to understand that the echo canceller is meant to improve
+the quality on the <SPAN CLASS="textbf">remote</SPAN> end.
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fig:Acoustic-echo-model"></A><A NAME="890"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure:</STRONG>
+Acoustic echo model</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="242" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img3.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=10cm]{echo_path}">
+</DIV>
+
+<P></TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
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+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node5.html
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--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node5.html (rev 0)
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@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
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+ HREF="node4.html">Codec description</A>
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+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html264"
+ HREF="node5.html#SECTION00510000000000000000">Platforms</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00500000000000000000">
+Compiling</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Compiling Speex under UNIX/Linux or any other platform supported by
+autoconf (e.g. Win32/cygwin) is as easy as typing:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>% ./configure [options]
+
+<P>
+% make
+
+<P>
+% make install
+</DD>
+</DL>The options supported by the Speex configure script are:
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>-prefix=<path></STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Specifies the base path for installing Speex
+(e.g. /usr)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-shared/-disable-shared</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Whether to compile shared libraries
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-static/-disable-static</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Whether to compile static libraries
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-disable-wideband</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Disable the wideband part of Speex (typically
+to save space)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-valgrind</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable extra hits for valgrind for debugging
+purposes (do not use by default)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-sse</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable use of SSE instructions (x86/float only)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-fixed-point<A NAME="136"></A></STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Compile Speex for a
+processor that does not have a floating point unit (FPU)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-arm4-asm</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable assembly specific to the ARMv4 architecture
+(gcc only)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-arm5e-asm</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable assembly specific to the ARMv5E architecture
+(gcc only)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-fixed-point-debug</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use only for debugging the fixed-point<A NAME="140"></A>
+code (very slow)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-epic-48k</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable a special (and non-compatible) 4.8 kbps
+narrowband mode
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-ti-c55x</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable support for the TI C5x family
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-blackfin-asm</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable assembly specific to the Blackfin
+DSP architecture (gcc only)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-enable-vorbis-psycho</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Make the encoder use the Vorbis psycho-acoustic
+model. This is very experimental and may be removed in the future.
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00510000000000000000">
+Platforms</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Speex is known to compile and work on a large number of architectures,
+both floating-point and fixed-point. In general, any architecture
+that can natively compute the multiplication of two signed 16-bit
+numbers (32-bit result) and runs at a sufficient clock rate (architecture-dependent)
+is capable of running Speex. Architectures that are <SPAN CLASS="textbf">known</SPAN>
+to be supported (it probably works on many others) are:
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>x86 & x86-64
+</LI>
+<LI>Power
+</LI>
+<LI>SPARC
+</LI>
+<LI>ARM
+</LI>
+<LI>Blackfin
+</LI>
+<LI>TI C54xx & C55xx
+</LI>
+<LI>TI C6xxx
+</LI>
+<LI>TriMedia (experimental)
+</LI>
+</UL>
+Operating systems on top of which Speex is known to work include (it
+probably works on many others):
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Linux
+</LI>
+<LI><SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img4.png"
+ ALT="$ \mu$"></SPAN>
+Clinux
+</LI>
+<LI>MacOS X
+</LI>
+<LI>BSD
+</LI>
+<LI>Other UNIX/POSIX variants
+</LI>
+<LI>Symbian
+</LI>
+</UL>
+The source code directory include additional information for compiling
+on certain architectures or operating systems in README.xxx files.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
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Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node6.html
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+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html278"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html272"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html266"
+ HREF="node5.html">Compiling</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html274"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html276"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html279"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00610000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN></A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html280"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00611000000000000000">Speex comments</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html281"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00612000000000000000">Raw input options</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html282"
+ HREF="node6.html#SECTION00620000000000000000"><SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN></A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00600000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sec:Command-line-encoder_decoder"></A>
+<BR>
+Command-line encoder/decoder
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The base Speex distribution includes a command-line encoder (<SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN>)
+and decoder (<SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN>). This section describes how to use these
+tools.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00610000000000000000"></A><A NAME="156"></A>
+<BR>
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The <SPAN CLASS="textit">speexenc</SPAN> utility is used to create Speex files from raw
+PCM or wave files. It can be used by calling:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speexenc [options] input_file output_file
+</DD>
+</DL>The value '-' for input_file or output_file corresponds respectively
+to stdin and stdout. The valid options are:
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>-narrowband (-n)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Tell Speex to treat the input as narrowband
+(8 kHz). This is the default
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-wideband (-w)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Tell Speex to treat the input as wideband (16
+kHz)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-ultra-wideband (-u)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Tell Speex to treat the input as ``ultra-wideband''
+(32 kHz)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-quality n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the encoding quality (0-10), default is 8
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-bitrate n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Encoding bit-rate (use bit-rate n or lower)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-vbr</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable VBR (Variable Bit-Rate), disabled by default
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-abr n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable ABR (Average Bit-Rate) at n kbps, disabled by
+default
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-vad</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable VAD (Voice Activity Detection), disabled by default
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-dtx</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Enable DTX (Discontinuous Transmission), disabled by default
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-nframes n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Pack n frames in each Ogg packet (this saves space
+at low bit-rates)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-comp n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set encoding speed/quality tradeoff. The higher the
+value of n, the slower the encoding (default is 3)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-V</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Verbose operation, print bit-rate currently in use
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-help (-h)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Print the help
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-version (-v)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Print version information
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00611000000000000000">
+Speex comments</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>-comment</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Add the given string as an extra comment. This may
+be used multiple times.
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-author</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Author of this track.
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-title</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Title for this track.
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00612000000000000000">
+Raw input options</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>-rate n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Sampling rate for raw input
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-stereo</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Consider raw input as stereo
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-le</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Raw input is little-endian
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-be</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Raw input is big-endian
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-8bit</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Raw input is 8-bit unsigned
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-16bit</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Raw input is 16-bit signed
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00620000000000000000"></A><A NAME="193"></A>
+<BR>
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The <SPAN CLASS="textit">speexdec</SPAN> utility is used to decode Speex files and can
+be used by calling:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speexdec [options] speex_file [output_file]
+</DD>
+</DL>The value '-' for input_file or output_file corresponds respectively
+to stdin and stdout. Also, when no output_file is specified, the
+file is played to the soundcard. The valid options are:
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>-enh</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>enable post-filter (default)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-no-enh</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>disable post-filter
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-force-nb</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding in narrowband
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-force-wb</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding in wideband
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-force-uwb</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding in ultra-wideband
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-mono</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding in mono
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-stereo</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding in stereo
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-rate n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Force decoding at n Hz sampling rate
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-packet-loss n</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Simulate n % random packet loss
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-V</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Verbose operation, print bit-rate currently in use
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-help (-h)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Print the help
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>-version (-v)</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Print version information
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
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+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
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+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
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+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html284"
+ HREF="node6.html">Command-line encoder/decoder</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html292"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
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+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html297"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00710000000000000000">Encoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html298"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00720000000000000000">Decoding</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html299"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00730000000000000000">Preprocessor</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html300"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00740000000000000000">Echo Cancellation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html301"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00741000000000000000">Troubleshooting</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html302"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00750000000000000000">Jitter Buffer</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html303"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00751000000000000000">Generic Jitter Buffer</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html304"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00752000000000000000">Speex Jitter Buffer</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html305"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00760000000000000000">Resampler</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html306"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00770000000000000000">Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html307"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00780000000000000000">Mode queries</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html308"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION00790000000000000000">Preprocessor options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html309"
+ HREF="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">Packing and in-band signalling</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00700000000000000000"></A><A NAME="214"></A><A NAME="215"></A><A NAME="sec:Programming-with-Speex"></A>
+<BR>
+Programming with Speex (the libspeex API)
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+This section explains how to use the Speex API. Examples of code can
+also be found in Appendix <A HREF="node13.html#sec:Sample-code">B</A> and the complete
+API documentation is included in the Documentation section of the
+Speex website (http://www.speex.org/).
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00710000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Encoding"></A>
+<BR>
+Encoding
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+In order to encode speech using Speex, one first needs to:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex.h>
+</DD>
+</DL>Then a Speex bit-packing struct must be declared as:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>SpeexBits bits;
+</DD>
+</DL>along with a Speex encoder state
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>void *enc_state;
+</DD>
+</DL>The two are initialized by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_init(&bits);
+
+<P>
+enc_state = speex_encoder_init(&speex_nb_mode);
+</DD>
+</DL>For wideband coding, <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_nb_mode</SPAN> will be replaced by <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_wb_mode</SPAN>.
+In most cases, you will need to know the frame size used by the mode
+you are using. You can get that value in the <SPAN CLASS="textit">frame_size</SPAN> variable
+(expressed in <SPAN CLASS="textbf">samples</SPAN>, not bytes) with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_encoder_ctl(enc_state,SPEEX_GET_FRAME_SIZE,&frame_size);
+</DD>
+</DL>In practice, <SPAN CLASS="textit">frame_size</SPAN> will correspond to 20 ms when using
+8, 16, or 32 kHz sampling rate. There are many parameters that can
+be set for the Speex encoder, but the most useful one is the quality
+parameter that controls the quality vs bit-rate tradeoff. This is
+set by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_encoder_ctl(enc_state,SPEEX_SET_QUALITY,&quality);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <SPAN CLASS="textit">quality</SPAN> is an integer value ranging from 0 to 10 (inclusively).
+The mapping between quality and bit-rate is described in Fig. <A HREF="#cap:quality_vs_bps">4</A>
+for narrowband.
+
+<P>
+Once the initialization is done, for every input frame:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_reset(&bits);
+
+<P>
+speex_encode_int(enc_state, input_frame, &bits);
+
+<P>
+nbBytes = speex_bits_write(&bits, byte_ptr, MAX_NB_BYTES);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <SPAN CLASS="textit">input_frame</SPAN> is a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(</SPAN>short <SPAN CLASS="textit">*)</SPAN> pointing
+to the beginning of a speech frame, <SPAN CLASS="textit">byte_ptr</SPAN> is a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(char
+*)</SPAN> where the encoded frame will be written, <SPAN CLASS="textit">MAX_NB_BYTES</SPAN>
+is the maximum number of bytes that can be written to <SPAN CLASS="textit">byte_ptr</SPAN>
+without causing an overflow and <SPAN CLASS="textit">nbBytes</SPAN> is the number of bytes
+actually written to <SPAN CLASS="textit">byte_ptr</SPAN> (the encoded size in bytes).
+Before calling speex_bits_write, it is possible to find the number
+of bytes that need to be written by calling <TT>speex_bits_nbytes(&bits)</TT>,
+which returns a number of bytes.
+
+<P>
+It is still possible to use the <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_encode()</SPAN> function, which
+takes a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(float *)</SPAN> for the audio. However, this would make
+an eventual port to an FPU-less platform (like ARM) more complicated.
+Internally, <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_encode()</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_encode_int()</SPAN>
+are processed in the same way. Whether the encoder uses the fixed-point
+version is only decided by the compile-time flags, not at the API
+level.
+
+<P>
+After you're done with the encoding, free all resources with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_destroy(&bits);
+
+<P>
+speex_encoder_destroy(enc_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>That's about it for the encoder.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00720000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Decoding"></A>
+<BR>
+Decoding
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+In order to decode speech using Speex, you first need to:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex.h>
+</DD>
+</DL>You also need to declare a Speex bit-packing struct
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>SpeexBits bits;
+</DD>
+</DL>and a Speex decoder state
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>void *dec_state;
+</DD>
+</DL>The two are initialized by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_init(&bits);
+
+<P>
+dec_state = speex_decoder_init(&speex_nb_mode);
+</DD>
+</DL>For wideband decoding, <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_nb_mode</SPAN> will be replaced by
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_wb_mode</SPAN>. If you need to obtain the size of the frames
+that will be used by the decoder, you can get that value in the <SPAN CLASS="textit">frame_size</SPAN>
+variable (expressed in <SPAN CLASS="textbf">samples</SPAN>, not bytes) with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_decoder_ctl(dec_state, SPEEX_GET_FRAME_SIZE, &frame_size);
+</DD>
+</DL>There is also a parameter that can be set for the decoder: whether
+or not to use a perceptual enhancer. This can be set by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_decoder_ctl(dec_state, SPEEX_SET_ENH, &enh);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <SPAN CLASS="textit">enh</SPAN> is an int with value 0 to have the enhancer disabled
+and 1 to have it enabled. As of 1.2-beta1, the default is now to enable
+the enhancer.
+
+<P>
+Again, once the decoder initialization is done, for every input frame:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_read_from(&bits, input_bytes, nbBytes);
+
+<P>
+speex_decode_int(dec_state, &bits, output_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>where input_bytes is a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(char *)</SPAN> containing the bit-stream
+data received for a frame, <SPAN CLASS="textit">nbBytes</SPAN> is the size (in bytes) of
+that bit-stream, and <SPAN CLASS="textit">output_frame</SPAN> is a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(short *)</SPAN>
+and points to the area where the decoded speech frame will be written.
+A NULL value as the second argument indicates that we don't have the
+bits for the current frame. When a frame is lost, the Speex decoder
+will do its best to "guess" the correct signal.
+
+<P>
+As for the encoder, the <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_decode()</SPAN> function can still
+be used, with a <SPAN CLASS="textit">(float *)</SPAN> as the output for the audio.
+
+<P>
+After you're done with the decoding, free all resources with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_bits_destroy(&bits);
+
+<P>
+speex_decoder_destroy(dec_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00730000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Preprocessor"></A>
+<BR>
+Preprocessor
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+In order to use the Speex preprocessor<A NAME="289"></A>, you first
+need to:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex_preprocess.h>
+</DD>
+</DL>Then, a preprocessor state can be created as:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>SpeexPreprocessState *preprocess_state = speex_preprocess_state_init(frame_size, sampling_rate);
+</DD>
+</DL>It is recommended to use the same value for <TT>frame_size</TT> as
+is used by the encoder (20 <SPAN CLASS="textit">ms</SPAN>).
+
+<P>
+For each input frame, you need to call:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_preprocess_run(preprocess_state, audio_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <TT>audio_frame</TT> is used both as input and output.
+
+<P>
+In cases where the output audio is not useful for a certain frame,
+it is possible to use instead:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_preprocess_estimate_update(preprocess_state, audio_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>This call will update all the preprocessor internal state variables
+without computing the output audio, thus saving some CPU cycles.
+
+<P>
+The behaviour of the preprocessor can be changed using:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_preprocess_ctl(preprocess_state, request, ptr);
+</DD>
+</DL>which is used in the same way as the encoder and decoder equivalent.
+Options are listed in Section .
+
+<P>
+The preprocessor state can be destroyed using:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_preprocess_state_destroy(preprocess_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00740000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Echo-Cancellation"></A>
+<BR>
+Echo Cancellation
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The Speex library now includes an echo cancellation<A NAME="307"></A>
+algorithm suitable for Acoustic Echo Cancellation<A NAME="308"></A>
+(AEC). In order to use the echo canceller, you first need to
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex_echo.h>
+</DD>
+</DL>Then, an echo canceller state can be created by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>SpeexEchoState *echo_state = speex_echo_state_init(frame_size, filter_length);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <TT>frame_size</TT> is the amount of data (in samples) you
+want to process at once and <TT>filter_length</TT> is the length
+(in samples) of the echo cancelling filter you want to use (also known
+as <SPAN CLASS="textit">tail length</SPAN><A NAME="317"></A>). It is recommended to
+use a frame size in the order of 20 ms (or equal to the codec frame
+size) and make sure it is easy to perform an FFT of that size (powers
+of two are better than prime sizes). The recommended tail length is
+approximately the third of the room reverberation time. For example,
+in a small room, reverberation time is in the order of 300 ms, so
+a tail length of 100 ms is a good choice (800 samples at 8000 Hz sampling
+rate).
+
+<P>
+Once the echo canceller state is created, audio can be processed by:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_echo_cancellation(echo_state, input_frame, echo_frame, output_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>where <TT>input_frame</TT> is the audio as captured by the microphone,
+<TT>echo_frame</TT> is the signal that was played in the speaker
+(and needs to be removed) and <TT>output_frame</TT> is the signal
+with echo removed.
+
+<P>
+One important thing to keep in mind is the relationship between <TT>input_frame</TT>
+and <TT>echo_frame</TT>. It is important that, at any time, any echo
+that is present in the input has already been sent to the echo canceller
+as <TT>echo_frame</TT>. In other words, the echo canceller cannot
+remove a signal that it hasn't yet received. On the other hand, the
+delay between the input signal and the echo signal must be small enough
+because otherwise part of the echo cancellation filter is inefficient.
+In the ideal case, you code would look like:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>write_to_soundcard(echo_frame, frame_size);
+
+<P>
+read_from_soundcard(input_frame, frame_size);
+
+<P>
+speex_echo_cancellation(echo_state, input_frame, echo_frame, output_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>If you wish to further reduce the echo present in the signal, you
+can do so by <TT>associating the echo canceller to the preprocessor</TT>
+(see Section <A HREF="#sub:Preprocessor">5.3</A>). This is done by calling:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_preprocess_ctl(preprocess_state, SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_ECHO_STATE, echo_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>in the initialisation.
+
+<P>
+As of version 1.2-beta2, there is an alternative, simpler API that
+can be used instead of <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_echo_cancellation()</SPAN>. When audio
+capture and playback are handled asynchronously (e.g. in different
+threads or using the <SPAN CLASS="textit">poll()</SPAN> or <SPAN CLASS="textit">select()</SPAN> system call),
+it can be difficult to keep track of what input_frame comes with
+what echo_frame. Instead, the playback comtext/thread can simply
+call:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_echo_playback(echo_state, echo_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>every time an audio frame is played. Then, the capture context/thread
+calls:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_echo_capture(echo_state, input_frame, output_frame);
+</DD>
+</DL>for every frame captured. Internally, <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_echo_playback()</SPAN>
+simply buffers the playback frame so it can be used by <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_echo_capture()</SPAN>
+to call <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_echo_cancel()</SPAN>. A side effect of using this
+alternate API is that the playback audio is delayed by two frames,
+which is the normal delay caused by the soundcard. When capture and
+playback are already synchronised, <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_echo_cancellation()</SPAN>
+is preferable since it gives better control on the exact input/echo
+timing.
+
+<P>
+The echo cancellation state can be destroyed with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_echo_state_destroy(echo_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>It is also possible to reset the state of the echo canceller so it
+can be reused without the need to create another state with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>speex_echo_state_reset(echo_state);
+</DD>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00741000000000000000">
+Troubleshooting</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+There are several things that may prevent the echo canceller from
+working properly. One of them is a bug (or something suboptimal) in
+the code, but there are many others you should consider first
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Using a different soundcard to do the capture and plaback will *not*
+work, regardless of what you may think. The only exception to that
+is if the two cards can be made to have their sampling clock ``locked''
+on the same clock source.
+</LI>
+<LI>The delay between the record and playback signals must be minimal.
+Any signal played has to ``appear'' on the playback (far end)
+signal slightly before the echo canceller ``sees'' it in the near
+end signal, but excessive delay means that part of the filter length
+is wasted. In the worst situations, the delay is such that it is longer
+than the filter length, in which case, no echo can be cancelled.
+</LI>
+<LI>When it comes to echo tail length (filter length), longer is *not*
+better. Actually, the longer the tail length, the longer it takes
+for the filter to adapt. Of course, a tail length that is too short
+will not cancel enough echo, but the most common problem seen is that
+people set a very long tail length and then wonder why no echo is
+being cancelled.
+</LI>
+<LI>Non-linear distortion cannot (by definition) be modeled by the linear
+adaptive filter used in the echo canceller and thus cannot be cancelled.
+Use good audio gear and avoid saturation/clipping.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+Also useful is reading <SPAN CLASS="textit">Echo Cancellation Demystified</SPAN> by Alexey
+Frunze<A NAME="tex2html2"
+ HREF="footnode.html#foot358"><SUP><IMG ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1" ALT="[*]" SRC="footnote.png"></SUP></A>, which explains the fundamental principles of echo cancellation.
+The details of the algorithm described in the article are different,
+but the general ideas of echo cancellation through adaptive filters
+are the same.
+
+<P>
+As of version 1.2beta2, a new <TT>echo_diagnostic.m</TT> tool is
+included in the source distribution. The first step is to define DUMP_ECHO_CANCEL_DATA
+during the build. This causes the echo canceller to automatically
+save the near-end, far-end and output signals to files (aec_rec.sw
+aec_play.sw and aec_out.sw). These are exactly what the AEC receives
+and outputs. From there, it is necessary to start Octave and type:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>echo_diagnostic('aec_rec.sw', 'aec_play.sw', 'aec_diagnostic.sw', 1024);
+</DD>
+</DL>The value of 1024 is the filter length and can be changed. There will
+be some (hopefully) useful messages printed and echo cancelled audio
+will be saved to aec_diagnostic.sw . If even that output is bad (almost
+no cancellation) then there is probably problem with the playback
+or recording process.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00750000000000000000">
+Jitter Buffer</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+There are two jitter buffers. Both can be enabled by including:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex_jitter.c>
+</DD>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00751000000000000000">
+Generic Jitter Buffer</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00752000000000000000">
+Speex Jitter Buffer</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00760000000000000000">
+Resampler</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+As of version 1.2beta2, Speex includes a resampling modules. To make
+use of the resampler, it is necessary to include its header file:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>#include <speex/speex_resampler.h>
+</DD>
+</DL>For each stream that is to be resampled, it is necessary to create
+a resampler state with:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>SpeexResamplerState *resampler;
+
+<P>
+resampler = speex_resampler_init(nb_channels, input_rate, output_rate, quality, &err);
+</DD>
+</DL>where nb_channels is the number of channels that will be used (either
+interleaved or non-interleaved), input_rate is the sampling rate
+of the input stream, output_rate is the sampling rate of the output
+stream and quality is the requested quality setting (0 to 10). The
+quality parameter is useful for controlling the quality/complexity/latency
+tradeoff. Using a higher quality setting means less noise/aliasing,
+a higher complexity and a higher latency. Usually, a quality of 3
+is acceptable for most desktop uses and quality 10 is mostly recommended
+for pro audio work. Quality 0 usually has a decent sound (certainly
+better than using linear interpolation resampling), but artifacts
+may be heard.
+
+<P>
+The actual resampling is performed using
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>err = speex_resampler_process_int(resampler, channelID, in, &in_length, out, &out_length);
+</DD>
+</DL>where channelID is the ID of the channel to be processed. For a mono
+stream, use 0. The <SPAN CLASS="textit">in</SPAN> pointer points to the first sample of
+the input buffer for the selected channel and <SPAN CLASS="textit">out</SPAN> points to
+the first sample of the output. The size of the input and output buffers
+are specified by <SPAN CLASS="textit">in_length</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">out_length</SPAN> respectively.
+Upon completion, these values are replaced by the number of samples
+read and written by the resampler. Unless an error occurs, either
+all input samples will be read or all output samples will be written
+to (or both). For floating-point samples, the function speex_resampler_process_float()
+behaves similarly.
+
+<P>
+It is also possible to process multiple channels at once.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00770000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Codec-Options"></A>
+<BR>
+Codec Options (speex_*_ctl)
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity - William
+of Ockham.</SPAN>
+</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+</DIV>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">Just because there's an option doesn't mean you have to use
+it - me.</SPAN>
+</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+</DIV>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+The Speex encoder and decoder support many options and requests that
+can be accessed through the <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_encoder_ctl</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">speex_decoder_ctl</SPAN>
+functions. Despite that, the defaults are good for many applications
+and <SPAN CLASS="textbf">optional settings should only be used when one understands
+them and knows that they are needed</SPAN>. A common error is to attempt
+to set many unnecessary settings. These functions are similar to the
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">ioctl</SPAN> system call and their prototypes are:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>void speex_encoder_ctl(void *encoder, int request, void *ptr);
+
+<P>
+void speex_decoder_ctl(void *encoder, int request, void *ptr);
+</DD>
+</DL>The different values of request allowed are (note that some only apply
+to the encoder or the decoder):
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_ENH**</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set perceptual enhancer<A NAME="402"></A>
+to on (1) or off (0) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_ENH**</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get perceptual enhancer status (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_FRAME_SIZE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the number of samples per frame for
+the current mode (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_QUALITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the encoder speech quality (integer
+0 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_QUALITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the current encoder speech quality
+(integer 0 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_LOW_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_LOW_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_HIGH_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_HIGH_MODE*<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Use the source, Luke!
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_VBR*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set variable bit-rate (VBR) to on (1) or off
+(0) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_VBR*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get variable bit-rate<A NAME="416"></A>
+(VBR) status (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_VBR_QUALITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the encoder VBR speech quality
+(float 0 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_VBR_QUALITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the current encoder VBR speech
+quality (float 0 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_COMPLEXITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the CPU resources allowed for the
+encoder (integer 1 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_COMPLEXITY*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the CPU resources allowed for the
+encoder (integer 1 to 10)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_BITRATE*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the bit-rate to use to the closest
+value not exceeding the parameter (integer in bps)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_BITRATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the current bit-rate in use (integer
+in bps)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_SAMPLING_RATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set real sampling rate (integer in
+Hz)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_SAMPLING_RATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get real sampling rate (integer in
+Hz)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_RESET_STATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Reset the encoder/decoder state to its original
+state (zeros all memories)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_VAD*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set voice activity detection<A NAME="427"></A>
+(VAD) to on (1) or off (0) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_VAD*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get voice activity detection (VAD) status
+(integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_DTX*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set discontinuous transmission<A NAME="430"></A>
+(DTX) to on (1) or off (0) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_DTX*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get discontinuous transmission (DTX) status
+(integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_ABR*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set average bit-rate<A NAME="433"></A>
+(ABR) to a value n in bits per second (integer in bps)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_ABR*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get average bit-rate (ABR) setting (integer
+in bps)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SET_PLC_TUNING*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Tell the encoder to optimize encoding
+for a certain percentage of packet loss (integer in percent)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_GET_PLC_TUNING*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the current tuning of the encoder
+for PLC (integer in percent)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>*</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>applies only to the encoder
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>**</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>applies only to the decoder
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG><SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="12" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img5.png"
+ ALT="$ \dagger$"></SPAN>
+</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>normally only used internally
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00780000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Mode-queries"></A>
+<BR>
+Mode queries
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Speex modes have a query system similar to the speex_encoder_ctl
+and speex_decoder_ctl calls. Since modes are read-only, it is only
+possible to get information about a particular mode. The function
+used to do that is:
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<DD>void speex_mode_query(SpeexMode *mode, int request, void *ptr);
+</DD>
+</DL>The admissible values for request are (unless otherwise note, the
+values are returned through <SPAN CLASS="textit">ptr</SPAN>):
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_MODE_FRAME_SIZE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the frame size (in samples) for
+the mode
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_SUBMODE_BITRATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the bit-rate for a submode number
+specified through <SPAN CLASS="textit">ptr</SPAN> (integer in bps).
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00790000000000000000"></A><A NAME="sub:Preprocessor-options"></A>
+<BR>
+Preprocessor options
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+<DL>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_DENOISE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Turns denoising on(1) or off(2)
+(integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_DENOISE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get denoising status (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_AGC</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Turns automatic gain control (AGC)
+on(1) or off(2) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_AGC</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get AGC status (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_VAD</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Turns voice activity detector (VAD)
+on(1) or off(2) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_VAD</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get VAD status (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_AGC_LEVEL</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_AGC_LEVEL</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_DEREVERB</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Turns reverberation removal
+on(1) or off(2) (integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_DEREVERB</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get reverberation removal status
+(integer)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_DEREVERB_LEVEL</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_DEREVERB_LEVEL</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_DEREVERB_DECAY</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_DEREVERB_DECAY</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_PROB_START</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_PROB_START</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_PROB_CONTINUE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_PROB_CONTINUE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_NOISE_SUPPRESS</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set maximum attenuation
+of the noise in dB (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_NOISE_SUPPRESS</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get maximum attenuation
+of the noise in dB (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_ECHO_SUPPRESS</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set maximum attenuation
+of the residual echo in dB (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_ECHO_SUPPRESS</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set maximum attenuation
+of the residual echo in dB (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_ECHO_SUPPRESS_ACTIVE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set maximum attenuation
+of the echo in dB when near end is active (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_ECHO_SUPPRESS_ACTIVE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set maximum attenuation
+of the echo in dB when near end is active (negative number)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_ECHO_STATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Set the associated echo canceller
+for residual echo suppression (NULL for no residual echo suppression)
+</DD>
+<DT><STRONG>SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_ECHO_STATE</STRONG></DT>
+<DD>Get the associated echo canceller
+</DD>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION007100000000000000000"></A><A NAME="482"></A>
+<BR>
+Packing and in-band signalling
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Sometimes it is desirable to pack more than one frame per packet (or
+other basic unit of storage). The proper way to do it is to call speex_encode
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img6.png"
+ ALT="$ N$"></SPAN>
+ times before writing the stream with speex_bits_write. In cases
+where the number of frames is not determined by an out-of-band mechanism,
+it is possible to include a terminator code. That terminator consists
+of the code 15 (decimal) encoded with 5 bits, as shown in Table <A HREF="#cap:quality_vs_bps">4</A>.
+Note that as of version 1.0.2, calling speex_bits_write automatically
+inserts the terminator so as to fill the last byte. This doesn't involves
+any overhead and makes sure Speex can always detect when there is
+no more frame in a packet.
+
+<P>
+It is also possible to send in-band ``messages'' to the other
+side. All these messages are encoded as ``pseudo-frames'' of mode
+14 which contain a 4-bit message type code, followed by the message.
+Table <A HREF="#cap:In-band-signalling-codes">1</A> lists the available codes,
+their meaning and the size of the message that follows. Most of these
+messages are requests that are sent to the encoder or decoder on the
+other end, which is free to comply or ignore them. By default, all
+in-band messages are ignored.
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="937"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table 1:</STRONG>
+In-band signalling codes</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Code</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Size (bits)</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Content</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks decoder to set perceptual enhancement off (0) or on(1)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks (if 1) the encoder to be less ``agressive'' due to high packet
+loss</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks encoder to switch to mode N</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks encoder to switch to mode N for low-band</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks encoder to switch to mode N for high-band</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">5</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks encoder to switch to quality N for VBR</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">6</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Request acknowloedge (0=no, 1=all, 2=only for in-band data)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">7</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Asks encoder to set CBR (0), VAD(1), DTX(3), VBR(5), VBR+DTX(7)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Transmit (8-bit) character to the other end</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">9</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Intensity stereo information</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">10</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">16</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Announce maximum bit-rate acceptable (N in bytes/second)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">11</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">16</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">12</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">32</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Acknowledge receiving packet N</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">13</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">32</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">14</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">64</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">15</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">64</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Finally, applications may define custom in-band messages using mode
+13. The size of the message in bytes is encoded with 5 bits, so that
+the decoder can skip it if it doesn't know how to interpret it.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html295"
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+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html296"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html290"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html284"
+ HREF="node6.html">Command-line encoder/decoder</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html292"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html294"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node8.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node8.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node8.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Formats and standards</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Formats and standards">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
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+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html322"
+ HREF="node9.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html316"
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+<IMG WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="index" SRC="index.png"></A>
+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html323"
+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html317"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html311"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html319"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html321"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html324"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00810000000000000000">RTP Payload Format </A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html325"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00820000000000000000">MIME Type</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html326"
+ HREF="node8.html#SECTION00830000000000000000">Ogg file format</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00800000000000000000"></A><A NAME="497"></A><A NAME="sec:Formats-and-standards"></A>
+<BR>
+Formats and standards
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Speex can encode speech in both narrowband and wideband and provides
+different bit-rates. However, not all features need to be supported
+by a certain implementation or device. In order to be called ``Speex
+compatible'' (whatever that means), an implementation must implement
+at least a basic set of features.
+
+<P>
+At the minimum, all narrowband modes of operation MUST be supported
+at the decoder. This includes the decoding of a wideband bit-stream
+by the narrowband decoder<A NAME="tex2html4"
+ HREF="footnode.html#foot500"><SUP><IMG ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1" ALT="[*]" SRC="footnote.png"></SUP></A>. If present, a wideband decoder MUST be able to decode a narrowband
+stream, and MAY either be able to decode all wideband modes or be
+able to decode the embedded narrowband part of all modes (which includes
+ignoring the high-band bits).
+
+<P>
+For encoders, at least one narrowband or wideband mode MUST be supported.
+The main reason why all encoding modes do not have to be supported
+is that some platforms may not be able to handle the complexity of
+encoding in some modes.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00810000000000000000"></A><A NAME="501"></A>
+<BR>
+RTP Payload Format
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The RTP payload draft is included in appendix <A HREF="node14.html#sec:IETF-draft">C</A>
+and the latest version is available at http://www.speex.org/drafts/latest.
+This draft has been sent (2003/02/26) to the Internet Engineering
+Task Force (IETF) and will be discussed at the March 18th meeting
+in San Francisco.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00820000000000000000">
+MIME Type</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+For now, you should use the MIME type audio/x-speex for Speex-in-Ogg.
+We will apply for type <TT>audio/speex</TT> in the near future.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00830000000000000000"></A><A NAME="506"></A>
+<BR>
+Ogg file format
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Speex bit-streams can be stored in Ogg files. In this case, the first
+packet of the Ogg file contains the Speex header described in table
+<A HREF="#cap:ogg_speex_header">2</A>. All integer fields in the headers are
+stored as little-endian. The <TT>speex_string</TT> field must contain
+the ``<TT>Speex</TT> '' (with 3 trailing spaces), which identifies
+the bit-stream. The next field, <TT>speex_version</TT> contains the
+version of Speex that encoded the file. For now, refer to speex_header.[ch]
+for more info. The <SPAN CLASS="textit">beginning of stream</SPAN> (<TT>b_o_s</TT>) flag
+is set to 1 for the header. The header packet has <TT>packetno=0</TT>
+and <TT>granulepos=0</TT>.
+
+<P>
+The second packet contains the Speex comment header. The format used
+is the Vorbis comment format described here: http://www.xiph.org/ogg/vorbis/doc/v-comment.html
+. This packet has <TT>packetno=1</TT> and <TT>granulepos=0</TT>.
+
+<P>
+The third and subsequent packets each contain one or more (number
+found in header) Speex frames. These are identified with <TT>packetno</TT>
+starting from 2 and the <TT>granulepos</TT> is the number of the last
+sample encoded in that packet. The last of these packets has the <SPAN CLASS="textit">end
+of stream</SPAN> (<TT>e_o_s</TT>) flag is set to 1.
+
+<P>
+<BR><P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="941"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION><STRONG>Table 2:</STRONG>
+Ogg/Speex header packet</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Field</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Type</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Size</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">speex_string</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">char[]</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">8</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">speex_version</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">char[]</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">20</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">speex_version_id</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">header_size</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">rate</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">mode</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">mode_bitstream_version</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">nb_channels</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">bitrate</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">frame_size</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">vbr</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">frames_per_packet</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">extra_headers</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">reserved2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">int</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+</TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV><P></P>
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html322"
+ HREF="node9.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
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+ HREF="node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html317"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html311"
+ HREF="node7.html">Programming with Speex (the</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html319"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html321"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
Added: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node9.html
===================================================================
--- websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node9.html (rev 0)
+++ websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node9.html 2007-05-22 14:45:15 UTC (rev 12973)
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+
+<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Introduction to CELP Coding</TITLE>
+<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Introduction to CELP Coding">
+<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="manual">
+<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
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+<LINK REL="next" HREF="node10.html">
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+<LINK REL="up" HREF="manual.html">
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+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY >
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html339"
+ HREF="node10.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html333"
+ HREF="manual.html">
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html340"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html334"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html328"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html336"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html338"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B>
+<BR>
+<BR></DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<!--Table of Child-Links-->
+<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
+
+<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html341"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00910000000000000000">Source-Filter Model of Speech Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html342"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00920000000000000000">Linear Prediction (LPC)</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html343"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00930000000000000000">Pitch Prediction</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html344"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00940000000000000000">Innovation Codebook</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html345"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00950000000000000000">Noise Weighting</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html346"
+ HREF="node9.html#SECTION00960000000000000000">Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
+<HR>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00900000000000000000"></A><A NAME="533"></A><A NAME="sec:Introduction-to-CELP"></A>
+<BR>
+Introduction to CELP Coding
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<SPAN CLASS="textit">Do not meddle in the affairs of poles, for they are subtle and
+quick to leave the unit circle.</SPAN>
+</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+</DIV>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+Speex is based on CELP, which stands for Code Excited Linear Prediction.
+This section attempts to introduce the principles behind CELP, so
+if you are already familiar with CELP, you can safely skip to section
+<A HREF="node10.html#sec:Speex-narrowband-mode">8</A>. The CELP technique is based on three
+ideas:
+
+<P>
+
+<OL>
+<LI>The use of a linear prediction (LP) model to model the vocal tract
+</LI>
+<LI>The use of (adaptive and fixed) codebook entries as input (excitation)
+of the LP model
+</LI>
+<LI>The search performed in closed-loop in a ``perceptually weighted
+domain''
+</LI>
+</OL>
+This section describes the basic ideas behind CELP. This is still
+a work in progress.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00910000000000000000">
+Source-Filter Model of Speech Prediction</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The source-filter model of speech production assumes that the vocal
+cords are the source of spectrally flat sound (the excitation signal),
+and that the vocal tract acts as a filter to spectrally shape the
+various sounds of speech. While still an approximation, the model
+is widely used in speech coding because of its simplicity.Its use
+is also the reason why most speech codecs (Speex included) perform
+badly on music signals. The different phonemes can be distinguished
+by their excitation (source) and spectral shape (filter). Voiced sounds
+(e.g. vowels) have an excitation signal that is periodic and that
+can be approximated by an impulse train in the time domain or by regularly-spaced
+harmonics in the frequency domain. On the other hand, fricatives (such
+as the "s", "sh" and "f"
+sounds) have an excitation signal that is similar to white Gaussian
+noise. So called voice fricatives (such as "z" and
+"v") have excitation signal composed of an harmonic
+part and a noisy part.
+
+<P>
+The source-filter model is usually tied with the use of Linear prediction.
+The CELP model is based on source-filter model, as can be seen from
+the CELP decoder illustrated in Figure <A HREF="#fig:The-CELP-model">1</A>.
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fig:The-CELP-model"></A><A NAME="943"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure 1:</STRONG>
+The CELP model of speech synthesis (decoder)</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="426" HEIGHT="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img7.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.45\paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{celp_decoder}">
+</DIV>
+
+<P></TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00920000000000000000"></A><A NAME="562"></A>
+<BR>
+Linear Prediction (LPC)
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Linear prediction is at the base of many speech coding techniques,
+including CELP. The idea behind it is to predict the signal <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img8.png"
+ ALT="$ x[n]$"></SPAN>
+
+using a linear combination of its past samples:
+
+<P>
+<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+y[n]=\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="62" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img9.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle y[n]=\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+where <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img10.png"
+ ALT="$ y[n]$"></SPAN>
+ is the linear prediction of <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img8.png"
+ ALT="$ x[n]$"></SPAN>
+. The prediction
+error is thus given by:<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+e[n]=x[n]-y[n]=x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="249" HEIGHT="62" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img11.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]=x[n]-y[n]=x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The goal of the LPC analysis is to find the best prediction coefficients
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img12.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{i}$"></SPAN>
+ which minimize the quadratic error function:<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+E=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[e[n]\right]^{2}=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="283" HEIGHT="72" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img13.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle E=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[e[n]\right]^{2}=\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+That can be done by making all derivatives <!-- MATH
+ $\frac{\partial E}{\partial a_{i}}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="23" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img14.png"
+ ALT="$ \frac{\partial E}{\partial a_{i}}$"></SPAN>
+
+equal to zero:<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+\frac{\partial E}{\partial a_{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial a_{i}}\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}=0
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="267" HEIGHT="72" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img15.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle \frac{\partial E}{\partial a_{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial a_{i}}\sum_{n=0}^{L-1}\left[x[n]-\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x[n-i]\right]^{2}=0$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+For an order <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img6.png"
+ ALT="$ N$"></SPAN>
+ filter, the filter coefficients <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img12.png"
+ ALT="$ a_{i}$"></SPAN>
+ are found
+by solving the system <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img16.png"
+ ALT="$ N\times N$"></SPAN>
+ linear system <!-- MATH
+ $\mathbf{Ra}=\mathbf{r}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img17.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathbf{Ra}=\mathbf{r}$"></SPAN>
+,
+where<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+\mathbf{R}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
+R(0) & R(1) & \cdots & R(N-1)\\
+R(1) & R(0) & \cdots & R(N-2)\\
+\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
+R(N-1) & R(N-2) & \cdots & R(0)\end{array}\right]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="314" HEIGHT="103" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img18.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle \mathbf{R}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
+R(0) & R(1) & \cdots & R(N-1...
+...& \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
+R(N-1) & R(N-2) & \cdots & R(0)\end{array}\right]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+\mathbf{r}=\left[\begin{array}{c}
+R(1)\\
+R(2)\\
+\vdots\\
+R(N)\end{array}\right]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="102" HEIGHT="103" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img19.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle \mathbf{r}=\left[\begin{array}{c}
+R(1)\\
+R(2)\\
+\vdots\\
+R(N)\end{array}\right]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+with <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img20.png"
+ ALT="$ R(m)$"></SPAN>
+, the auto-correlation<A NAME="602"></A> of the
+signal <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img8.png"
+ ALT="$ x[n]$"></SPAN>
+, computed as:
+
+<P>
+<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+R(m)=\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}x[i]x[i-m]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="152" HEIGHT="61" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img21.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle R(m)=\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}x[i]x[i-m]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Because <!-- MATH
+ $\mathbf{R}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img22.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathbf{R}$"></SPAN>
+ is toeplitz hermitian, the Levinson-Durbin<A NAME="606"></A>
+algorithm can be used, making the solution to the problem <!-- MATH
+ $\mathcal{O}\left(N^{2}\right)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img23.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathcal{O}\left(N^{2}\right)$"></SPAN>
+
+instead of <!-- MATH
+ $\mathcal{O}\left(N^{3}\right)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img24.png"
+ ALT="$ \mathcal{O}\left(N^{3}\right)$"></SPAN>
+. Also, it can be proven
+that all the roots of <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img25.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z)$"></SPAN>
+ are within the unit circle, which means
+that <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img26.png"
+ ALT="$ 1/A(z)$"></SPAN>
+ is always stable. This is in theory; in practice because
+of finite precision, there are two commonly used techniques to make
+sure we have a stable filter. First, we multiply <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img27.png"
+ ALT="$ R(0)$"></SPAN>
+ by a number
+slightly above one (such as 1.0001), which is equivalent to adding
+noise to the signal. Also, we can apply a window to the auto-correlation,
+which is equivalent to filtering in the frequency domain, reducing
+sharp resonances.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00930000000000000000"></A><A NAME="611"></A>
+<BR>
+Pitch Prediction
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+During voiced segments, the speech signal is periodic, so it is possible
+to take advantage of that property by approximating the excitation
+signal <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img28.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n]$"></SPAN>
+ by a gain times the past of the excitation:
+
+<P>
+<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+e[n]\simeq p[n]=\beta e[n-T]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="153" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img29.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]\simeq p[n]=\beta e[n-T]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+where <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="17" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img30.png"
+ ALT="$ T$"></SPAN>
+ is the pitch period, <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img31.png"
+ ALT="$ \beta$"></SPAN>
+ is the pitch gain. We call
+that long-term prediction since the excitation is predicted from <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img32.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n-T]$"></SPAN>
+
+with <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img33.png"
+ ALT="$ T\gg N$"></SPAN>
+.
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00940000000000000000">
+Innovation Codebook</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+The final excitation <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img28.png"
+ ALT="$ e[n]$"></SPAN>
+ will be the sum of the pitch prediction
+and an <SPAN CLASS="textit">innovation</SPAN> signal <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img34.png"
+ ALT="$ c[n]$"></SPAN>
+ taken from a fixed codebook,
+hence the name <SPAN CLASS="textit">Code</SPAN> Excited Linear Prediction. The final excitation
+is given by:
+
+<P>
+<P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+e[n]=p[n]+c[n]=\beta e[n-T]+c[n]
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="234" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img35.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle e[n]=p[n]+c[n]=\beta e[n-T]+c[n]$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+The quantization of <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img34.png"
+ ALT="$ c[n]$"></SPAN>
+ is where most of the bits in a CELP codec
+are allocated. It represents the information that couldn't be obtained
+either from linear prediction or pitch prediction. In the <SPAN CLASS="textit">z</SPAN>-domain
+we can represent the final signal <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="34" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img36.png"
+ ALT="$ X(z)$"></SPAN>
+ as <P><!-- MATH
+ \begin{displaymath}
+X(z)=\frac{C(z)}{A(z)\left(1-\beta z^{-T}\right)}
+\end{displaymath}
+ -->
+</P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="157" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img37.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle X(z)=\frac{C(z)}{A(z)\left(1-\beta z^{-T}\right)}$">
+</DIV><P>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00950000000000000000"></A><A NAME="618"></A><A NAME="619"></A>
+<BR>
+Noise Weighting
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+Most (if not all) modern audio codecs attempt to ``shape'' the
+noise so that it appears mostly in the frequency regions where the
+ear cannot detect it. For example, the ear is more tolerant to noise
+in parts of the spectrum that are louder and <SPAN CLASS="textit">vice versa</SPAN>. In
+order to maximize speech quality, CELP codecs minimize the mean square
+of the error (noise) in the perceptually weighted domain. This means
+that a perceptual noise weighting filter <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ is applied to the
+error signal in the encoder. In most CELP codecs, <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ is a pole-zero
+weighting filter derived from the linear prediction coefficients (LPC),
+generally using bandwidth expansion. Let the spectral envelope be
+represented by the synthesis filter <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img26.png"
+ ALT="$ 1/A(z)$"></SPAN>
+, CELP codecs typically
+derive the noise weighting filter as: <P></P>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER" CLASS="mathdisplay"><A NAME="eq:gamma-weighting"></A><!-- MATH
+ \begin{equation}
+W(z)=\frac{A(z/\gamma_{1})}{A(z/\gamma_{2})}
+\end{equation}
+ -->
+<TABLE CLASS="equation" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
+<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE">
+<TD NOWRAP ALIGN="CENTER"><SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="110" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img39.png"
+ ALT="$\displaystyle W(z)=\frac{A(z/\gamma_{1})}{A(z/\gamma_{2})}$"></SPAN></TD>
+<TD NOWRAP CLASS="eqno" WIDTH="10" ALIGN="RIGHT">
+(<SPAN CLASS="eqn-number">1</SPAN>)</TD></TR>
+</TABLE></DIV>
+<BR CLEAR="ALL"><P></P>
+where <!-- MATH
+ $\gamma_{1}=0.9$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img40.png"
+ ALT="$ \gamma_{1}=0.9$"></SPAN>
+ and <!-- MATH
+ $\gamma_{2}=0.6$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img41.png"
+ ALT="$ \gamma_{2}=0.6$"></SPAN>
+ in the Speex reference
+implementation. If a filter <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img25.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z)$"></SPAN>
+ has (complex) poles at <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="18" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img42.png"
+ ALT="$ p_{i}$"></SPAN>
+
+in the <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="11" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img43.png"
+ ALT="$ z$"></SPAN>
+-plane, the filter <!-- MATH
+ $A(z/\gamma)$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="47" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img44.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z/\gamma)$"></SPAN>
+ will have its poles at
+<!-- MATH
+ $p'_{i}=\gamma p_{i}$
+ -->
+<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="34" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img45.png"
+ ALT="$ p'_{i}=\gamma p_{i}$"></SPAN>
+, making it a flatter version of <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img25.png"
+ ALT="$ A(z)$"></SPAN>
+.
+
+<P>
+The weighting filter is applied to the error signal used to optimize
+the codebook search through analysis-by-synthesis (AbS). This results
+in a spectral shape of the noise that tends towards <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="53" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img46.png"
+ ALT="$ 1/W(z)$"></SPAN>
+. While
+the simplicity of the model has been an important reason for the success
+of CELP, it remains that <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ is a very rough approximation for
+the perceptually optimal noise weighting function. Fig. <A HREF="#cap:Standard-noise-shaping">2</A>
+illustrates the noise shaping that results from Eq. <A HREF="#eq:gamma-weighting">1</A>.
+Throughout this paper, we refer to <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img38.png"
+ ALT="$ W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ as the noise weighting
+filter and to <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
+ WIDTH="53" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img46.png"
+ ALT="$ 1/W(z)$"></SPAN>
+ as the noise shaping filter (or curve).
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cap:Standard-noise-shaping"></A><A NAME="953"></A>
+<TABLE>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure 2:</STRONG>
+Standard noise shaping in CELP. Arbitrary y-axis offset.</CAPTION>
+<TR><TD>
+<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
+<IMG
+ WIDTH="430" HEIGHT="301" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
+ SRC="img47.png"
+ ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.45\paperwidth,keepaspectratio]{ref_shaping}">
+</DIV>
+
+<P></TD></TR>
+</TABLE>
+</DIV>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00960000000000000000">
+Analysis-by-Synthesis</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+One of the main principles behind CELP is called Analysis-by-Synthesis
+(AbS), meaning that the encoding (analysis) is performed by perceptually
+optimising the decoded (synthesis) signal in a closed loop. In theory,
+the best CELP stream would be produced by trying all possible bit
+combinations and selecting the one that produces the best-sounding
+decoded signal. This is obviously not possible in practice for two
+reasons: the required complexity is beyond any currently available
+hardware and the ``best sounding'' selection criterion implies
+a human listener.
+
+<P>
+In order to achieve real-time encoding using limited computing resources,
+the CELP optimisation is broken down into smaller, more manageable,
+sequential searches using the perceptual weighting function described
+earlier.
+
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
+<!--Navigation Panel-->
+<A NAME="tex2html339"
+ HREF="node10.html">
+<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
+<A NAME="tex2html333"
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+<BR>
+<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html340"
+ HREF="node10.html">Speex narrowband mode</A>
+<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html334"
+ HREF="manual.html">The Speex Codec Manual</A>
+<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html328"
+ HREF="node8.html">Formats and standards</A>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html336"
+ HREF="node1.html">Contents</A></B>
+ <B> <A NAME="tex2html338"
+ HREF="node17.html">Index</A></B> </DIV>
+<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
+<ADDRESS>
+Jean-Marc Valin
+2007-05-23
+</ADDRESS>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
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-4643 y(Ogg,)f(26,)h(40)515 4767 y(open-source,)d(6,)j(40)515
-4975 y(patent,)f(6,)h(40)1988 824 y(perceptual)f(enhancement,)e(9,)j
-(21,)g(36)1988 948 y(pitch,)g(30)1988 1073 y(preprocessor)m(,)e(17)1988
-1280 y(quadrature)g(mirror)h(\002lter)m(,)h(38)1988 1405
-y(quality)-5 b(,)19 b(8)1988 1612 y(R)-5 b(TP)c(,)21
-b(25)1988 1820 y(sampling)f(rate,)g(8)1988 1944 y(spee)o(xdec,)f(13)
-1988 2069 y(spee)o(x)o(enc,)g(12)1988 2193 y(standards,)g(25)1988
-2401 y(tail)i(length,)e(18)1988 2609 y(ultra-wideband,)e(8)1988
-2816 y(v)n(ariable)i(bit-rate,)h(6,)g(8,)g(21)1988 2941
-y(v)n(oice)g(acti)n(vity)g(detection,)f(6,)h(9,)g(22)1988
-3065 y(V)-11 b(orbis,)20 b(40)1988 3273 y(wideband,)f(6,)h(8,)g(38)1905
-5255 y(80)p eop end
+TeXDict begin 64 63 bop -128 409 a FB(Inde)n(x)-128 763
+y Fz(A)m(CELP)-9 b(,)20 b(36)-128 863 y(acoustic)g(echo)g
+(cancellation,)e(16)-128 963 y(algorithmic)h(delay)-5
+b(,)19 b(8)-128 1062 y(analysis-by-synthesis,)f(26)-128
+1162 y(API,)j(14)-128 1262 y(auto-correlation,)c(25)-128
+1361 y(a)n(v)o(erage)i(bit-rate,)h(7,)g(19)-128 1545
+y(bit-rate,)g(31,)f(33)-128 1729 y(CELP)-9 b(,)21 b(6,)f(24)-128
+1828 y(comple)o(xity)-5 b(,)18 b(7,)i(8,)g(30,)f(31)-128
+1928 y(constant)h(bit-rate,)f(7)-128 2112 y(discontinuous)f
+(transmission,)i(8,)g(19)-128 2211 y(DTMF)-7 b(,)21 b(7,)f(35)-128
+2395 y(echo)g(cancellation,)f(16)-128 2495 y(error)h(weighting,)e(26)
+-128 2678 y(\002x)o(ed-point,)g(10)-128 2862 y(in-band)h(signalling,)g
+(21)-128 3046 y(Le)n(vinson-Durbin,)e(25)-128 3145 y(libspee)o(x,)i(6,)
+h(14)-128 3245 y(line)h(spectral)f(pair)m(,)f(28)-128
+3345 y(linear)h(prediction,)e(24,)i(28)-128 3528 y(mean)g(opinion)e
+(score,)i(30)-128 3628 y(music,)g(34)-128 3812 y(narro)n(wband,)d(7,)j
+(8,)g(28)-128 3995 y(Ogg,)g(22,)f(34)-128 4095 y(open-source,)f(8,)i
+(34)-128 4279 y(patent,)g(8,)g(34)-128 4378 y(perceptual)f
+(enhancement,)f(8,)i(18,)f(30)-128 4478 y(pitch,)h(25)-128
+4578 y(preprocessor)m(,)e(15)-128 4762 y(quadrature)g(mirror)h
+(\002lter)m(,)h(32)-128 4861 y(quality)-5 b(,)19 b(7)-128
+5045 y(R)-5 b(TP)c(,)21 b(22)-128 5229 y(sampling)f(rate,)g(7)-128
+5328 y(spee)o(xdec,)f(13)-128 5428 y(spee)o(x)o(enc,)g(12)-128
+5528 y(standards,)h(22)2095 763 y(tail)h(length,)e(16)2095
+946 y(ultra-wideband,)e(7)2095 1129 y(v)n(ariable)i(bit-rate,)h(7,)g
+(8,)g(19)2095 1228 y(v)n(oice)g(acti)n(vity)g(detection,)f(8,)h(19)2095
+1328 y(V)-11 b(orbis,)20 b(34)2095 1510 y(wideband,)f(7,)h(8,)g(32)1908
+5876 y(64)p eop end
%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
Modified: websites/speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual.tar.gz
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
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